Muti wemuapuro chirimwa chakapararira chinotapukirawo kune zvimwe zvirwere uye zvipembenene. Imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye apple tree mottle. Icho chirwere chefungal chinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya muti uye michero.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti chii chinonzi apple tree mottle, ndeapi maitiro, zviratidzo uye marapirwo.
Chii chinonzi apple mottle
Apple mottle ndiyo inonyanya kukosha chirwere chefungal chinokonzerwa nefungus Venturia inaequalis , que inokanganisa kugadzirwa kwemarudzi ese emuapuro.
Kuonekwa kwayo kunoitika pakupera kwemwaka, kunokonzerwa zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekunze echirimo nemvura. Naizvozvo, mamiriro ekunze ane hunyoro ane mashizha akanyorova uye michero inofarira kukura kwayo mumatanho ekutanga ezvinomera.
Mashizha anowira pasi anorwiswa nefungus pakati paGunyana naMbudzi uye anorarama mwedzi iyi. Gare gare, muchirimo, apo fungus inotangazve kukura kwayo uye inotanga kubudisa ascospores, iyo ascospores inoparadzirwa nechiito chemhepo uye inosvika kumashizha nemichero, ichivabata zvakare.
Kune ese aya maitiro, kunaya uye imwe tembiricha inodiwa. Iyo yakanyanya tembiricha yeascospores i20ºC. Kuti dzimere dzinozunguzwa pakati pe15 ne22ºC, chero bedzi mwando uri mumashizha uchitora pakati pemaawa matatu neXNUMX. Iyo incubation nguva yechirwere ndeye 17-18 mazuva pakudziya kwe8-10ºC. uye mazuva 8-14 patembiricha ye20-25ºC. Zvakare, iyo shoma RH inodiwa ndeye 80-100%.
Iine incubation nguva yemazuva mapfumbamwe kusvika gumi nemasere, nezviratidzo zvinoonekwa gare gare pamashizha nemichero.
Symptomatology
Venturia inaequalis inogona kukanganisa nhengo dzose dzakasvibirira dzechirimwa, asi zviratidzo zvayo zvinonyanya kuonekwa, zvakadai semashizha emashizha uye scabs, zvinoitika pamashizha nemichero. Kana iri mashizha akabatwa neVenturia sp., mavara emuorivhi akasvibira kutanga, achiteverwa nekusviba pasi nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwekonidia. Kana ikarwiswa kakawanda, inogona kupedza defoliation yemuti.
Kunyange zvazvo chiito chayo pamashizha chinogona kukanganisa goho, kukanganisa kukuru kunoitika painorwisa muchero. Pamuchero, makwapa anokonzerwa anoshanduka kuva madema apo spores inoumba. Kana chirwere chacho chikaitika kana chibereko chiri chiduku, chikamu chakakanganiswa chichamira kukura uye chibereko chichatsemuka, zvichibvumira kupinda kwemamwe ma microorganisms, ayo anofarira kupera mvura. Kana izvi zvikaitika panguva yekukura kwemichero, inogona kukanganisa hunhu hwayo hwekunaka, pamwe nekuchengetedza kwayo mukati uye, nekudaro, purofiti yayo.
The blotch fungus overwinters se mycelium pamashizha akadonha uye mukutanga kwechirimo inoumba michero miduku inonzi "peritecae" ine mbeu dzepabonde dzefungus, kana "ascospores." Izvi zvinodzingwa kubva ku perithecas kana zvaibva uye zvinotakurwa nemhepo nemvura inonaya pamashizha nemaruva emiti yemapuro. Ivo vanopinda uye nekudaro vakonzeresa kusvibiswa kana kurwisa kwekutanga. Pashure pevhiki 1 kana 2, zvichienderana nekupisa, fungus inobereka asexual fruiting miviri inonzi "conidia", izvo zvinobatsira kuparadzira chirwere uye kugadzira iyo inonzi yechipiri kurwisa.
Nzvimbo yega yega inogona kugadzira conidia kwemavhiki 4-6. Tembiricha yakapfava, kunaya kwemvura zhinji uye hunyoro hwemamiriro ekunze hunoenderana nekushanduka nekupararira kwechirwere chespores kana utachiona, hunhu hunowanzoitika mumamiriro ekunze edu.
Apple mottle control
Zvakakosha kuva nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa zvinopikisa mavara. Dzivisa kudyara munzvimbo dzine mumvuri kana kuti dzine hunyoro hwakanyanya. Inovandudza aeration uye chiedza chemuti nekuita kuchekerera kwakaringana, nekudaro, kunze kwekufambisa kupinda kwezvigadzirwa zve phytosanitary, inopfupisawo nguva yekuomeswa kwemashizha nemichero. Chengetedza uswa hupfupi uye bvisa chero mashizha akawira pasi munguva yekupedzisira yekudonha.
Nhasi kudzora kwemavara kunoitwa nekemikari kudzora hutachiona hwekutanga uye hutachiona hwechipiri hunotevera. Iyo yekutanga inoculum inobva kune ascospores, iyo inogadzirwa mukati mematehwe akaputirwa anoumba pamashizha anowira pasi munguva yechando, kuitira kuti kuderedza kuoma kwehutachiona hwekutanga zvakakosha:
Kuderedza kuumbwa kwezviputi pamashizha muhuwandu hwevhu; izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa nekuzvinhonga kubva pasi kana kukurumidza kuparara kweiyo mashizha emashizha nekuvarapa ne5% urea apo inenge 85% yemashizha inodonha.
Dzivirira iyo inotapukira vernal ascospores kubva kutapurira nhengo dzekugamuchira dzemuti weapuro (mashizha, maruva nemichero) sezvo zviri nyore kunyudzwa nefungus pasi pemamiriro ehunyoro anogara kwemaawa mashoma. Iyo ascospores haidzingwe kamwe kamwe, asi kuti iite zvishoma nezvishoma maturation process uye inodzingwa muhamvuropu kwemavhiki matanhatu-6.
Zvimiro zvekufunga nezve mottle yemuti wemuapuro
Pasi pemamiriro edu ezvinhu, nguva yekubhururuka kweascospores inowanzobva pakutanga kwaApril kusvika pakupera kwaMay, zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze egore chairo. Kudzora kwakanaka kwehutachiona hwekutanga kwakakosha kuderedza kunotevera utachiona hwechipiri. Kudzivirirwa kwemiti kunofanirwa kutanga kubva panoonekwa nhengo dzemuviri, saka, pasina nzvimbo dzekuzivisa kuti dzitarise chirwere ichi, zvinonyanya kushanda kurapa zvinoenderana nechirimwa phenology. Idzi ndidzo nguva dzakanyanya kukosha:
- Dziviriro kubva pamaruva kusvika kumichero yakaiswa ne systemic uye/kana inopinda nefungicides.
- Munguva yakasara yekutenderera, kana mamiriro ehunyoro anodiwa aripo, chirwere chechipiri chinopfuurira chinoitika.
Kurapa kunofanirwa kuitwa mushure mekutanga kwemamiriro ekutapukira, tichifunga nezvenguva yekudzivirira yeyakamboshandiswa fungicide. Chinonyanya kukosha, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa mushonga wefungicide mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana. Isa mushonga unorapa mushure mekunge chirwere chinotapukira chaitika, kana mukati memaawa makumi mana nemasere.
Usati wapedza kukohwa, zvichienderana nekuoma kwehutachiona muchirongwa, kurapwa ne systemic fungicide inogona kuva sarudzo yekuderedza inoculation yenguva yemberi mukurima.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve apple mottle uye kurapwa kwayo.