Mune biology, Nguva zhinji tinonzwa izwi ribosome rine chekuita nekushandurwa kwemajini, RNA, mapuroteni nevamwe. Nekudaro, zvinonetsa kuti unzwisise kushanda uku kwese pasina kujeka nezvepfungwa dzekutanga. Ndosaka tichazotsaurira chinyorwa ichi kuti titsanangure chinonzi ribosome.
Kuti tiite izvi, isu tichataura zvishoma nezve kwavo basa uye nezve ribosomes yebhakitiriya. Uye zvakare, isu tichakurukura zvavanogadzira uye kwavanowanikwa. Kana iwe uchifarira nyaya iyi kana uchingoda kuziva kuti ribosome chii, ichi chokwadi ndicho chinyorwa chakakodzera.
Chii chinonzi ribosome nebasa rayo?
Kana tichitaura nezve ribosomes, isu tinoreva cytoplasmic organelles iyo isina kugadziriswa ne membrane yeRRNA (ribonucleic acid) uye ribosomal mapuroteni. Pamwe chete vanoumba muchina wema molecular unowanikwa mumasero ese, kunze kwerume. Kutenda kwavari zvinokwanisika kuita dudziro inodikanwa yekutaura kwemajini. Mune mamwe mazwi: Ribosomes inokonzera protein synthesis kuburikidza neruzivo rwuri muDNA. Izvi zvinosvika zvakadhindwa kune ribosome muchimiro mRNA (messenger RNA).
Kana riri basa re ribosome, iko kududzira kana synthesis yemapuroteni. Kuti uite basa iri, ribosomes inowana ruzivo rwakakosha kubva mRNA, kubvira akateedzana ayo nucleotide anozopedzisira aona amino acid kuteedzana kweprotein Nezve iyo RNA kuteedzana, zvinouya kubva mukunyora kweDNA gene. Chinjana RNA inoitisa kutakurwa kweamino acids kune ribosomes.
Chii chinonzi ribosomes chinogadzira?
Iko kushanda kweribosome kwakakosha mune iyo genetic kodhi. Sezvatakambotaura, zvinokonzeresa mapuroteni synthesis, maitiro anozivikanwawo sekushandurwa kwemajini. Kuti uite izvi, ribosome inoverenga ruzivo kubva ku mRNA uye inosanganisa maamino acids ekuchinjisa RNA muproteine iri kukura izvozvi. Naizvozvo, ribosome inogadzira mapuroteni.
Tisati taenderera mberi tinofanira kuziva izvozvo amino acids inoumba mapuroteni. Parizvino makumi maviri amino acids akawanikwa pakati pezvinhu zvipenyu. Mune iyo genetic kodhi, amino acids akaiswa macodon, ayo ari matatu matatu enucleotides. Kune makumi matanhatu nematanhatu emakodhi ayo kodhi yemamwe amino acids uye matatu ma sign anomisa kushandura Naizvozvo, kodhi iri yakashata uye akati wandei macodon anoshanda akafanana amino acid.
Ribosome: Protein Synthesis kana Shanduro
Kazhinji, iyo dudziro inotanga neAUG codon, inova nekodhi yekukodha yeamino acid inonzi methionine. Iyo codon inoratidza kuguma kweprotein ndiyo yekumira codon. Sezvazvakaita mune zvakawanda zvipenyu, yega yega codon kodhi yeiyo imwechete amino acid, iyo genetic code inoonekwa seyese.
Zvikamu zviviri zveribosome zvinobuda munhare yesero: Iwo madiki uye makuru masununiti. Izvi zvinobatwa pamwechete nemhosva. Kana iyo magnesium concentration (Mg2+) inoderera, ese masuniti anowanzo kupatsanura.
Ndeapi ribosomes ebhakitiriya?
Tichatanga kutsanangura mushe kuti chii mabhakitiriya asati ataura nezvema ribosomes. Zvakanaka ipapo, iwo eprokaryotic unicellular zvipenyu, ndiko kuti, havana nucleus. Kuti uwane pfungwa iri nani: iyo genetic zvinhu zvebhakitiriya, iyo ingave yakapetwa kaviri yakatenderedzwa DNA molecule, yakasununguka mukati me cytoplasm uye haina kuvharirwa munyukosi sezvinoitika nemasero eukaryotic.
Kana tichitarisa mabhakitiriya pasi pe microscope, anotaridzika kunge tsvimbo, mweya, kana mabhora. Pasinei nezvinodavirwa nemunhu wese, mazhinji acho haakuvadze. Asingasviki muzana muzana yebhakitiriya anokonzera chirwere. Muchokwadi, iwo akakosha kune ecosystems aripo pasi pano.
Iyo ribosomes yebhakitiriya inoenderera ichiita basa rimwe chete: Mapuroteni synthesis. Chete, ino nguva, inoitika muhutachiona. Icho chinhu chakakosha maitiro ekukura kwayo.
Bhakitiriya kukura
Kune huwandu hwakazara hwezvikamu zvitatu zvinokura zvebhakitiriya. Tichataura pamusoro pavo pazasi kuti tinzwisise zvirinani basa reribosos mune iyi nyaya.
- Chikamu cheLag / Chikamu chekugadzirisa: Huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunoda nguva yekugadzirisa kana iri munzvimbo nyowani inopa zvinovaka muviri zvekukura kwayo. Mune ino kesi, kukura kunononoka apo maseru achigadzirira kutanga kukurumidza kukura. Uyezve, inosanganisira yakakwira mwero weprotein biosynthesis, uko ribosomes inotamba.
- Exponential chikamu: Pakati peichi chikamu, kukura kwesero kuri kukurumidza uye kujekesa. Iwo zvinovaka muviri anogadziriswa pamwero wepamusoro kusvika panopera simba, zvichipa nzira yechitatu neyekupedzisira chikamu.
- Chakamira chikamu: Muchikamu chakamira, maseru anodzora zvakanyanya kuita kwavo kwemagetsi uye otanga kushandisa asiri-akakosha mapuroteni emagetsi sosi yesimba. Ino inguva yekushanduka kubva mukukura nekukurumidza kuenda kune yekushushikana yekupindura nyika. Mariri, kuratidzwa kwemajini ane hukama nekugadziriswa kweDNA, kutakura kwehutano uye antioxidant metabolism inoshandiswa.
Nekudaro, pasina ribosomes, mabhakitiriya akatadza kana kutanga kukura kwavo.
Ribosomes inowanikwa kupi?
Kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana uko ribosomes inowanikwa: Mune yakaoma endoplasmic reticulum, mumitochondria, mumakloroplast, uye mu cytosol. Nekudaro, ivo vanogona kungoonekwa vachishandisa elekitironi maikorosikopu, sezvo saizi yavo iri makumi matatu nanometer mune eukaryotic maseru uye 32 nanometer mumasero eprokaryotic. Kana ichitariswa pasi pemakrosikopu yeelectron, iwo akatenderera muchimiro uye elektroni-dense. Kune rimwe divi, pasi peiyo microscope inoonekwa kuti ivo vane chekuita neasophilia yemamwe maseru.
Ndinovimba chinyorwa ichi chakatsanangurira iwe chinonzi ribosome uye kuti basa rayo chii. Nyika yebiology uye genetics yakakura uye zvinhu zvitsva zviri kuwanikwa nguva dzese. Kuti uzvinzwisise, hazvikuvadze kuva neruzivo rwekutanga sekuziva kuti dudziro yemajini uye kuti inoshanda sei.