Xa siqala ukuhlwayela egadini, sihlala sinamathandabuzo ixesha lokugalela umgquba egadini. Umgquba usebenza ekondleni umhlaba kwaye ukwazi ukunika izityalo zonke izondlo eziyimfuneko ukuze zikhule phantsi kweemeko ezilungileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ayinguye wonke umntu owaziyo ukuba uyisebenzise nini.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela xa kufuneka ubeke umgquba egadini kunye nendlela omele uyenze ngayo.
Kutheni kufuneka sigalele umgquba egadini?
Ivenkile isithengisela isichumiso esixutyiweyo, eyona nto iphambili yiNPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), ngamanye amaxesha zizityebi kwezinye izondlo ezincinci (i-magnesium, i-calcium, isulfure), kunye nezityebi kwizinto zokulandelela (intsimbi, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-boron, i-chlorine ...). Ngoko sinokucinga ukuba xa abantu belima ngomgquba, uthuthu kunye nezinto eziphuma kubomi bemihla ngemihla, sigqiba kwelokuba zonke ezi zinto zifunwa zizityalo zifumaneka kumgquba.
Okokuqala, kufuneka sibe nembali yexesha kunye nendawo ukuze siqalise ukufumana iimpendulo ezifanelekileyo. Ekuqaleni kwexesha, xa umntu wayezinikele kwezolimo kwaye engasenguye nonothwal’ impahlana, wafumana amasimi anyulu, awathi wawafumana. Bamnike zonke izimbiwa kunye nezinto eziphilayo azidingayo kwezolimo. Ke, umntu waqala ukulima nokulima njalo njalo kangangamawaka eminyaka. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, umhlaba uphelile, ukuba akukho mathandabuzo. Ukuba sizisa izondlo ezivela emhlabeni kwizityalo, kufuneka sizizalise ngokuzichumisa.
Xa uvavanya iintlobo zezichumiso eziqhelekileyo, isixa esithile se-NPK i-triplet eyaziwayo ifumaneka kuzo zonke izichumisi, kodwa akwanelanga kwimveliso yemveliso yanamhlanje. Enyanisweni, ngaphandle koko, phantse zonke izichumisi azikho ngokwaneleyo i-phosphorus ngendlela ye-P2O5. Eyona nto ibonelelwa ngumgquba luninzi lwezinto ezintsha eziphilayo kunye nenitrogen, kodwa ubukhulu becala ikwimo ephilayo. Ke ngoko, indawo ephilayo ye-N idinga ixesha lokubola ukuze ibe yiminerali. Ngokwesiqhelo kwigadi yemifuno, endaweni ye-compost eyenziwe ngenkunkuma yezityalo njl.njl. idla ngokulunga. Nangona abaninzi bethu kufuneka bongeze intwana yezondlo ngendlela yezichumisi zekhemikhali ukuze bafumane iitumato ezininzi, iziqhamo ezininzi kunye nokunye.
Leliphi idosi eyongezwa emgqubeni?
Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa umgquba njengesichumiso, kukho izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uziqwalasele.
- Ingongoma ephambili kukuba ayinakongezwa ngokuthe ngqo kwizityalo, kufuneka igalelwe ixesha elithile phambi kokutyala, ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba izinto eziphilayo ezikulomgquba ziwohloke. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisityalo, inokuba yinyanga okanye iintsuku ezili-15 phambi kokuhlwayela.
- Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule yithamo. Ubuninzi obusemthethweni yi-170 kg yenitrogen ngehektare nganye. Oku kuchazwa ngumthetho wokungcoliseka kwamanzi zii-nitrate yezolimo. Ke ngoko, kuphephe ukufikelela kubuninzi be-50 mg L yenitrate kumphezulu okanye kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, kuba amaxabiso aphezulu anokubangela iingxaki ezinzulu zempilo yoluntu.
Ukwazi ukuba leliphi ithamo esinokulifaka, kungcono ukwazi iidosi ze-agronomic. Lulungelelwano phakathi kwenitrogen ekhutshwa sisityalo ngexesha lomjikelo waso kunye nenitrogen ekhoyo emhlabeni okanye i-humus ekwimo ye-inorganic kwaye isetyenziswe kumanzi okunkcenkceshela. Ukulungelelanisa ukulinganisela siya kufaka i-nitrogen kwisichumisi, kwimeko yethu yesichumisi.
Kufuneka ubeke nini umgquba egadini?
Omnye wemiba ephambili kukwazi ixesha lokubeka umgquba egadini. Ukufumana impendulo enkulu enye. Baya kukhusela oko sikutyalayo ngamaxesha onke, imozulu yendawo esikuyo naxa kufuneka sinkcenkceshele isityalo. Ngamanye amaxesha kuya kuba kanye ngonyaka, ekuqaleni kwamaxesha onyaka okanye ngaphezulu rhoqo.
Kambe ke, zilumkele iingozi, ekubeni eyona lahleko inkulu yokutya ibakho xa amanzi ephuma aze aphelele kwimisele ephantsi komhlaba ehambisa amanzi amdaka, nto leyo enokungcolisa i-aquifer. Faka isichumiso esikhawulezayo esinenitrogen, phosphorus kunye ne potassium qho kwiiveki ezintathu ukuya kwezine. Oku kungenxa yokuba izityalo zikhula ngamandla kwaye ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba ukutya kufumaneke ziya kukutya.
Ekwindla, xa sisusa izityalo eziphelileyo, songeza isichumisi segadi, ngeli xesha ngokukhululwa okucothayo. Kufuneka ikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuba izityalo ziyamkela ngokuthe ngcembe, sele zikhulile, zithwala iziqhamo, kwaye ngoku inkqubo iyacotha.
Ewe, kukwaxhomekeke kwinto esiyityalayo kwaye nini… ukuba iitumato ziyaqhubeka nokuthwala isiqhamo ngo-Okthobha, akukho sizathu sokuchumisa. Sele ekupheleni kobusika, luluvo oluhle ukongeza umgquba okanye izinto eziphilayo ukugcina umgangatho womhlaba. Kanye njengokuba sifunda ulwazi lwezondlo kwiimveliso esizisebenzisayo, sinokufunda iilebhile zezichumisi esiya kuzongeza kwigadi yethu. Ke ngoko, asiyi kwazi kuphela ukuba zeziphi izimbiwa esizifaka isandla, kodwa kunye nobungakanani bazo.
Isebenza njani
Ukuba sifuna ukufumana okuninzi kwisichumiso esikwigadi yethu yeziqhamo okanye kwigadi yethu, indlela esigqiba ngayo ukusisebenzisa ibalulekile. Enye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokusebenzisa umgquba njengesichumiso sezityalo kukuxuba njengenxalenye yomgquba wakho. Ngokuyisebenzisa njenge-compost, ususa ukuba nokwenzeka kokutshisa izityalo zakho.
Enye inketho kukusebenzisa umhlaba nge-rake ngaphambi kokutyala entwasahlobo, mhlawumbi ekwindla okanye ebusika. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ikwindla lelona xesha lifanelekileyo lokusebenzisa izichumisi ezicocekileyo kwiibhedi zethu zeentyatyambo kunye namathafa. Oku kunika umgquba ixesha elaneleyo lokuqhekeka, kupheliswe isoyikiso sokutshiswa kwezityalo kunye nezityalo ezikwindawo entle.
Izichumisi zokunyanga ixesha elide nazo zizichumisi ezigqwesileyo kwizityalo zethu. Phantse naluphi na uhlobo lwesichumisi lunokusetyenziswa, kuxhomekeke kubukho bezichumisi ozifumanayo. Nangona kunjalo, ikati okanye indle yenja ayikhuthazwa. Ezi ntlobo zomgquba azifanelanga izitiya okanye iimfumba zomgquba, njengoko zinokuqulatha izifunxi-gazi, iintsholongwane, kunye nezifo eziyingozi ebantwini.
Ngokubanzi, umgquba wamahashe, wenkomo kunye neenkukhu, owaziwa ngokuba ngumgquba wenkukhu, zezona zichumisi zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ungasebenzisa ilindle legusha kunye nemivundla. Nangoku nje, i-bat guano iye yathandwa kakhulu.
Uninzi lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesichumisi zingathengwa kwii-nursery kunye namaziko egadi, kodwa ukuba uhambahamba, uya kufumanisa ukuba abalimi okanye abanini bamahashe bazimisele ukubanika.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nexesha lokugalela umgquba egadini.