Kubantu nakwisayensi bekubalulekile ukuthi bazi Izitshalo zizalana kanjani. Futhi sazi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza ngokuya ngohlobo lwesitshalo esisifundayo, umsuka waso kanye nezici zaso. Akuzona zonke izitshalo ezinohlobo oluyingqayizivele lokukhiqiza, kepha ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhlukanise izinhlobo ezithile zezindlela zokunweba nokusinda.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukufundisa ukuthi izitshalo zizalana kanjani nokuthi kubaluleke ngani.
Zingakhiqiza kanjani izitshalo ngemigwaqo yazo emikhulu
Siyazi ukuthi izitshalo zizala ikakhulukazi ngezindlela ezimbili: ezocansi nezocansi. Izitho zokuzala zibandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni ngokocansi ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwezimbali. Ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zidinga ezinye izinto zangaphandle ukuze zikhiqize kabusha. Ngenqubo yokuvota impova bayakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinhlamvu zempova futhi ngenxa yalokho izithelo eziqukethe imbewu leyo izosebenza ukukhiqiza umuntu omusha. Ngale ndlela, bayakwazi ukunweba indawo yabo yokusabalalisa kuyo yonke insimu futhi bandise ngokwemvelo.
Endabeni yesibili, sinokukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-asexual. Yilokho okwenzeka ezitshalweni ukuthi Bazuza intuthuko yabo ngokusebenzisa izindlela zabo ngaphandle kwesidingo senqubo yokuvotela impova. Isitshalo esisodwa kuphela somama esihilelekile kule nqubo. Kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ezingahlobene nobulili ngohlobo oluthile. Lapha izitho zokuzala azikho, kepha izingxenye zokuzala zikhule ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo zokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezitshalo
Sizohlaziya ukuthi izitshalo zizalana kanjani ngokuningiliziwe ezindleleni eziyinhloko esizibalile ngenhla.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi
Ukukhiqizwa kocansi kwezitshalo kwenzeka ngokuhlangana kwamageethi wesilisa nowesifazane embali. Kuyafana nokwenzeka ngokuzala komuntu. Ukukhiqizwa komuntu kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa kwamageyimu wesilisa nowesifazane ukwakha umzimba omusha. Ekugcineni, umzimba uzuza izakhi zofuzo zabo bobabili abazali. Uma sikhuluma ngezitho zokuzala zesitshalo sisho izimbali.
Ama-stamens ayingxenye yokuzala yezitshalo zesilisa ngenkathi i-pistil iyingxenye yokuzala yesitshalo sowesifazane. Izimbali eziqukethe i-pistil noma i-stamens kuphela yilezo ezaziwa ngegama lama-unisexual. Kukhona futhi lezo ezinezitho zombili futhi ezithanda abesilisa nabesifazane. Izimbali ezingabesilisa nabesifazane zingabonakala esitshalweni esisodwa noma ezitshalweni ezahlukene. Ama-anthers aqukethe okusanhlamvu kwe-pollen okukhiqiza ama-gametes wesilisa. I-pistil yakhiwe ngenhlamba, isitayela ne-ovary. I-ovary iqukethe iqanda elilodwa noma amaningi. Ama-gametes noma amaqanda abesifazane enza amaqanda. Ekukhiqizweni ngokocansi, ama-gametes abesilisa nabesifazane ahlangana nokwenza i-zygote.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokobulili
Ukufunda ukuthi izitshalo zizalana kanjani kufanele sazi nolunye uhlobo lokukhiqiza. Ukukhiqizwa ngokobulili yilokho okwenzeka ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthi izitho zocansi zesitshalo zingenelele. Njengoba sishilo phambilini, ayikho inqubo yokuvotela impova kulolu hlobo lokuzala. Isizathu salokhu singenxa yokuthi ikhono lezinye izinhlobo zokukwazi ukwakha futhi ngezicubu esevele zinazo. Isibonelo, kunezitshalo ezingakhula futhi zikhiqize umuntu omusha kusuka esiqwini noma esitokisini.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza kabusha kwe-asexual. Zivela kuye ngendawo yesitshalo esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa komuntu omusha. Isibonelo, esimweni sezilimo eziyizigaxa, lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza lwenziwa kusuka ezihlokweni ezigcwele izakhi zomzimba ezibavumela ukuthi bakhe isitshalo esisha bebodwa. Lokhu kuzala kuyenzeka sibonga iqiniso lokuthi lezi zilimo eziyizigaxa zingakhiqiza izimpande ezintsha.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngama-rhizomes nakho uhlobo lokukhiqiza kabusha kwe-asexual. Ziyiziqu ezakha ngaphansi komhlaba kepha zinokukhula okukhulayo okuhambisana nomhlabathi. Kusukela phansi kwalezi ziqu, amahlumela akhiqizwa lapho kungakhiwa khona isitshalo esisha. Ngemuva kokuba izimpande sezakhiwe, inqubo yokwakha iziqu ezimile iyaqala.
Embusweni wezitshalo, izinhlobo eziningi zingazala kuphela ngokwe-asexually futhi zingaphinda zikhiqize ngokocansi noma nge-asexually ngasikhathi sinye. I-Strawberry yisibonelo esisobala sesitshalo esingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye. Endabeni yezinhlelo ze-asexual, lokhu bakwenza ngamastolon. Ekhuluma ngezilimo eziyizigaxa, amazambane ayisibonelo esivamile ngoba enza umsebenzi omuhle kule ndawo futhi andisa isivuno sesivuno. Eminye imifino eyizimpande ngama-yam, ubhatata noma ujinja. Izitshalo ezizalanayo ngama-bulbs yilezo izithelo zazo ezinokuhlangana okufanayo kwamaqabunga, njengo-anyanisi. Ezitshalweni ezizalanayo ngama-rhizomes, kunezinhlobo ezinjenge-oregano.
Izinzuzo nezinkinga zokukhiqiza kabusha kwe-asexual
Inzuzo enkulu yokukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-asexual kulula, ngoba asikho ngempela isidingo somsebenzi wokusekela. Yini enye, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwalezi zinhlobo kuncane kakhulu kunalapho kufanele kwenziwe yonke inqubo kusuka enzalweni. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi uhlobo oluthile luthole inani elikhulu lezinsizwa kumama endaweni entsha. Endabeni yokuphila kwezitshalo, le nzuzo imele amathuba okwandisa umhlaba olimekayo, ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe inani lokudla.
Okubi kakhulu ngale ndlela ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukukhiqiza ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo enzalweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izingane zizocishe zifane nabazali bazo futhi zizoqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izimo ezifanayo zibenza babe sengozini yezimo ezingezinhle, njengezimo zezulu, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukuthi bakhiqize ukumelana. Esikhaleni lapho ungafuni ukutshala uhlobo oluthile, ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual kuzoqhubeka nokuzenzakalela. Isibonelo, lokhu kwenzeka lapho ukhula otshanini bakho noma engadini yakho lukhula njalo futhi lukhula.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda ngokuthi izitshalo zizalana kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zazo ezihlukile.