Izinambuzane zase-Afrika ze-psylla bezilimaza izitshalo ze-citrus kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2000s e-Canary Islands kanye nogu lwe-Atlantic e-Iberian Peninsula. Iyinambuzane endizayo engabangela ukuhlangana kwamaqabunga, ivimbele i-photosynthesis enciphisa isivuno sikalamula, phakathi kwezinye izinto. I Ukwelashwa kwe-psylla yase-Afrika akulula neze.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nesifo kanye nokwelashwa kwe-psylla yase-Afrika.
Iyini i-psylla yase-Afrika
Umphumela wawo kumawolintshi nezihlahla zokuhlobisa ukabili:
- umonakalo oqondile: Ukuqothuka kwamaqabunga, ukukhubazeka, ukuvimbela noma ukuvimbela i-photosynthesis ye-citrus; ukunciphisa isivuno lemon enempilo noma izithelo.
- umonakalo ongaqondile: Ukusabalala kwezifo ezisawolintshi: HLB (Huanglongbing) noma ukuhlaza, okuholela ekufeni kwezihlahla.
I-African psyllid iyinambuzane endizayo yohlelo lwe-Hemiptera yomndeni wakwa-Psyllidae, igama lesayensi: Trioza erytreae. Kusukela ngo-2000, i-European Union ibilokhu ibhekwa njengesihlukumezi sokuvalelwa yedwa.
Izwekazi lapho kuvela khona lesi sinambuzane, i-Trioza erytreae, yi-Afrika. Kusukela esifundeni esingaphansi kweSahara, isandiso sezwekazi esingathintani ngqo noLwandle iMedithera. I-Madeira yindawo yokuqala eyaziwayo ukuchaza ukwethulwa kwe-psyllid yase-Afrika eYurophu. Ukuba khona kwayo kwatholakala ngo-1994. E-Spain, indawo eyaziwayo yokungena ye-psylla yase-Afrika yasungulwa e-Valle Guerra (Tenerife) ngo-2002.
Ukunwetshwa kwalesi sinambuzane ngasogwini lwase-Atlantic kuchaza ubukhona baso e-Galicia phakathi no-2014, kubhaliswa amacala amaningana e-Pontevedra nase-A Coruña.
Izinyathelo zokulwa nalesi sifo
Phakathi kwezinyathelo ezithathiwe ngokumelene nalesi zinambuzane ukuvimbela ukusakazeka kwaso, sinokulandelayo:
- Uvimbele ukuthengiswa kwewolintshi e-Galicia, phakathi kwezinyathelo ezithathiwe zokumisa ukunwetshwa kwe-Trioza erytreae.
- Phakathi kuka-2014 no-2015, I-Galician Charter yakwenqabela ukudayiswa kwe-citrus ezinkulisa nasezindaweni ezinkulu zomhlaba.
- I-European Union ibeka ukuvalelwa okuphoqelekile kwalesi zinambuzane futhi kuleyo minyaka kulindeleke ukuthi kuhlale okungenani iminyaka emi-5.
- I-Xunta de Galicia yasusa ukuvinjelwa kokuthengiswa kwamawolintshi ngo-2020, nakuba sekuthathe uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokuzama ukugcina izihlahla ziphilile ezindaweni zokudayisa ngokwazo.
Imiphumela yezinambuzane kumawolintshi
I-Citriculture noma ukutshalwa kwe-citrus, ilinganise umthelela we-psyllid yase-Afrika emasimini ayo, kwaqala ngokubonakala kokuqala kwesifo esikushiya ngemuva.
Isibonelo, sizohlala sibhekisela kusifunda saseFlorida kanye nakho konke ukukhiqizwa okuwolintshi namawolintshi kule ndawo yase-US, ithole ukwehla ngo-74% ekukhiqizeni kusukela isifo se-HLB satholwa okokuqala ngo-2005.
Uma sithatha isibonelo sesenzo esiqondile se-Trioza erytreae ezihlahleni zikalamula, singaqonda umthelela wayo kumawolintshi nezihlahla zokuhlobisa (zonke izinhlobo ze-Rutaceae) ezihlotshaniswa nayo futhi zisebenza njengabasingathi.
Ama-Psyllids abekela amaqanda awo emaqabunga ezihlahla zikalamula. Ngokuvamile zibekela amaqanda azo ngaphansi kwamaqabunga e-citrus emgqeni okhanyayo ohambisana nemithambo. Nokho, isici esisodwa esingasibona esimweni sezulu esinomswakama ukuthi ama-psyllids asakaza amaqanda awo ngaphansi kwamaqabunga kunokuba ahambisane nemithambo.
Bancela izinambuzane eziluma amaqabunga futhi zidla ubisi lwezithelo ezisawolintshi nezitshalo. Ukuchanyuselwa kwamaqanda kukhiqiza ama-nymphs alesi sinambuzane, aqoqana futhi azifake ku-capsule yokuzivikela futhi aqale ukumunca ubisi olusha emaqabunga. Lawa ma-capsules ayizinsumpa ezihlukile noma izinguquko emaqabunga.
Zonke izihlahla ezisawolintshi ezigcwele i-psylla yase-Afrika zalahlekelwa amandla okwenza i-photosynthesize ngenxa yokukhubazeka kanye nokulahlekelwa kwamaqabunga okukhulu ku-canopy.
Ukwengeza, esimweni sobuthakathaka obukhulu, ukuhluma kabusha kwamahlumela amasha kudinga umzamo owengeziwe, futhi unyaka nonyaka ukuwohloka kwesihlahla ngokwaso kuyabonakala, njengoba kuboniswa ukulahlekelwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-citrus. Noma kunjalo, umthelela oqondile we-psyllid yase-Afrika ezihlahleni zikalamula akukholelwa ukuthi unembangela yokufa okungenakulungiseka.
Ukwelashwa kwe-psylla yase-Afrika
Ngakho, ngekhalenda lokulawula izifo eligxile ekwelashweni kokuvimbela, ukuthenwa okulawulwayo nokudla okunomsoco, kungenzeka ukuthi izithelo ezisawolintshi zidlule esikhathini somsebenzi omkhulu we-psyllid.
Sibhekene nesinye sezinambuzane zezitshalo okulula ukusibona ngeso lenyama. Amaqabunga e-citrus agcwele izinsumpa nokukhubazeka, ukukhula okuqinile, ama-galls ... Ngaphezu kwalokho, uzokwazi ukubona ukuthi amaqabunga kancane kancane alahlekelwa umbala wawo oluhlaza futhi aphenduke aphuzi.
Ukube sonke esinensimu yezithelo noma isihlahla sezithelo besicacile ngakho, izicupho ezilwa ne-velutina zingelinye lamakhambi angcono kakhulu okwelapha umnyovu wase-Afrika ezingadini zethu nasezindaweni zokutshala njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwawo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke sidinga ukuthatha indlela efanayo kuma-psyllids ezinsimini zezithelo ezisawolintshi.
Izicupho ezinamathelayo zepulasitiki eziphuzi ziyisixazululo esilula sokunciphisa ukuziphatha kwanoma yiziphi izinambuzane ezindizayo noma ezigxumayo; kusuka kuma-psyllids kuya kubavukuzi bamaqabunga e-citrus, ngokusebenzisa izintwala ezicasulayo noma izimpukane ezimhlophe.
La isicupho se-chromatic ukwelashwa kwe-psylla yase-Afrika:
- 20×15cm 50 amashidi.
- Ifanele ama-psyllids, zonke izinhlobo zezimpukane nomiyane, nanoma yisiphi isinambuzane esindizayo noma esigxumayo sisuka kwesinye isitshalo siye kwesinye: ama-aphid, abavukuzi bamaqabunga...
- Izinto ezinamathelayo zimelana nomswakama kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Ngenxa yezicupho ezinemibala uzokwazi ukuhlonza izinambuzane ezivame ukuvela ezitshalweni zakho futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngokumelene nazo noma usebenzise imithi yokwelapha ebulala izinambuzane.
Lo mkhuba olula uyasetshenziswa futhi uyatuswa ezisimini ezisawolintshi emhlabeni jikelele njengoba usivumela ukuthi sazi izinambuzane ngokuqondile noma nini, futhi sithwebule izibonelo ukuze zihlaziywe futhi siqinisekise ukuthi zingabathwali bamagciwane. Njenganoma yimuphi omunye umkhiqizo wokuvikela izitshalo, noma yikuphi ukwelapha isibulala-zinambuzane ngokumelene ne-psyllid yase-Afrika kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhambisana nemiyalelo yomkhiqizi.
Elinye ikhambi I-Aspid 50WP:
- Ibulala izinambuzane ngokuthintana nangokungenisa.
- Ilungele ama-psyllids, abavukuzi bamaqabunga, izimpukane, amacimbi, izimpukane zezithelo...
- Landela imiyalelo yokusetshenziswa enikezwe umenzi.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokwelashwa kwe-psylla yase-Afrika nezici zayo.