Amaseli ezilwane nezitshalo ahluka ngandlela thile. Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi iseli lesitshalo linalo ama-chloroplast futhi isilwane asikwenzi. Ama-chloroplast ngokuvamile angama-organelles amakhulu akhona kumaseli ezitshalo. Ngokuvamile, iseli leqabunga liyakwazi ukugcina ama-chloroplast aphakathi kuka-20 no-100. Lawa ma-organelles anomsebenzi okhethekile esizowubona kulesi sihloko.
Sizochaza konke odinga ukukwazi ngama-chloroplast, imisebenzi yawo nokubaluleka anakho emhlabeni wezitshalo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Sizohlaziya izici eziyinhloko zala ma-organelles. Sithola i-morphology eguquguqukayo. Kukhona okuyindilinga, okuyindilinga nokunye ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Iqoqo lama-chloroplast efomini leseli okwaziwa njenge-platidium. Ngaphakathi kweplatidium kuneDNA enezakhi zofuzo ezingaba ngu-250 lapho kufakwa khona i-ribosomal RNA, ukudlulisa i-RNA ne-messenger RNA. Lesi sakamuva yiso esikhiqizwa kwi-chloroplast uqobo, sizonikeza amaprotheni adingekayo ukuze i-organelle ihlukane futhi yenze i-photosynthesis.
Ngisho, ngaphandle kwama-chloroplast, izitshalo bezingakwazi ukwenza ifotosinthesize Ngeke kube khona ukushintshaniswa kwe-CO2 nge-oxygen emoyeni. Ngokuphathelene ne-morphology yalezi zingxenye ze-organelles, zakhiwe ngamakamelo amaningana. Izingxenye ezingaphandle kakhulu zakhiwe ngezingqimba ezimbili, zangaphandle nezangaphakathi. Ngokungafani ne-mitochondria, ulwelwesi enalo alunazo izigaxa.
Ngaphakathi kuma-chloroplast siyabona ama-thylakoids. Lawa ngamasaka acabalele abuye ahlukaniswe ulwelwesi futhi ahlanganiswe. Bakha izakhiwo ezifana nenqwaba yemali ebizwa ngokuthi i-granum. Lezi zinqwaba zixhunywe ngasemuva ulwelwesi. Ezingxenyeni ezinama-thylakoid kukhona amaprotheni nama-molecule asetshenziselwa ukwenza i-photosynthesis.
Ukuhlukaniswa nokuhamba kwama-chloroplast
Lawa ma-organelles kufanele ahlukane ngokuqhubekayo ukuze amaseli ande futhi unenombolo eyanele esigabeni sokusebenza se-photosynthesis. Akudingeki ukuthi yenzeke njalo, kepha iseli, njengoba nje lihlukana, lingaqondaniswa nokwehlukaniswa kwama-chloroplast. Imvamisa, ukuvumelanisa phakathi kwezinqubo zokuhlukanisa zale-organelles neseli kwenzeka ezitshalweni ezine-chloroplast eyodwa kuphela. Emangqamuzaneni akwi-mesophyll yamaqabunga, ama-chloroplast ayahlukana ukuze akwazi ukwanda ngenani, yize iseli lingeke lahlukana ngokuqhubekayo. Lokhu kubangela ukwanda kwama-chloroplast ngeseli ngayinye. Uma iseli liqhubeka lihlukana, ama-chloroplast ebengeke akhulise inani lawo ngeseli ngalinye, kepha ebezosatshalaliswa ngamanye.
Ebusweni bamaqabunga, inani lama-chloroplast lelo fomu lilawulwa noma linqunywa ngosayizi weseli. Ama-chloroplast ngokuvamile kufanele ahlukaniswe ngamaseli endodakazi uma nje ukwahlukana kwamaseli kwenzeka.
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ukwahlukaniswa kwama-chloroplast kuncike ngokuphelele kumaprotheni ahlanganiswe ku-nucleus. Ngenqubo yokwehlukanisa, kwakheka izindandatho ezimbili zamaprotheni lapho zixubeka khona, ngakolunye uhlangothi amaprotheni we-chloroplast uqobo, kanti kolunye uhlangothi amaprotheni ahlobene nezakhi zofuzo ze-cell cell.
Lapho isitshalo kufanele sivumelane nezimo ezahlukahlukene zokukhanya kwelanga, simane sisuse wonke ama-chloroplast asesitokisini saso ukuze sikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalezo zimo. Yize ukunyakaza kuhamba kancane, kwanele ukuzivumelanisa. Futhi ukuthi ukukhanya okweqile kunganciphisa ama-chloroplast futhi kwenze i-photosynthesis ingasebenzi kahle.
Imisebenzi ye-chloroplast
I-Photosynthesis
Umsebenzi oyinhloko walezi zinhlangano ukwenza inqubo ye-photosynthesis. Sizohlaziya imisebenzi igxathu negxathu. Ukuze kusizakale amandla elanga, ama-chloroplast anomthwalo wokuguqula amandla kagesi avela elangeni abe yizibopho zamakhemikhali. I-photosynthesis inezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko okwenzeka ngayo yonke le nqubo. Ingxenye yokuqala, isigaba sokukhanya, lapho amandla alula ashaya isitshalo nge-proton gradient azosetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP nokukhiqizwa kwe-NADPH.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-photosynthesis inesinye isigaba esimnyama, lapho ukukhanya kungadingeki khona, kepha imikhiqizo ekhiqizwe esigabeni sokukhanya yilena. Kulesi sigaba esimnyama kulapho ukulungiswa kwe-CO2 kwenzeka ngesimo sikashukela we-phosphate. Isigaba sokuqala se-photosynthesis senzeka kulwelwesi lwe-thylakoid bese kuthi olwesibili lube se-stroma.
Eminye imisebenzi
Ngaphezu kokunikela ku-photosynthesis ezitshalweni, ama-chloroplast aneminye imisebenzi eminingi. Eminye imisebenzi esemqoka ivelele, njengokuhlanganiswa kwama-amino acid, ama-nucleotide nama-fatty acids. Baphinde babambe iqhaza ekukhiqizeni ama-hormone, amavithamini namanye ama-metabolites wesibili, okusiza ekwakhiweni kwe-nitrogen nesibabule emzimbeni. Njengoba siphawule kwezinye izindatshana, i-nitrate ingumthombo oyinhloko we-nitrogen ezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke, omanyolo abaningi be-nitrogen banokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwalesi sakhi.
Yebo, kungenxa yama-chloroplast lapho izitshalo zingasebenzisa le nitrate. Amanye ama-metabolites akhiwe ku-chloroplast akhonza ukuvikela kuma-pathogen ahlukahlukene noma ekuvumelaneni kwezitshalo ukucindezela, amanzi amaningi noma ukushisa okwengeziwe.
Ekugcineni, lawa ma-organelles nawo axhumene ngokuqhubekayo nezinye izingxenye zeseli kanye ne-nucleus uqobo. Lokhu kungenxa ye- ku-nucleus kuhlala izakhi zofuzo eziningi ezinamaprotheni anomsebenzi wokufaka isandla ku-photosynthesis.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ama-chloroplast angama-organelles abaluleke kakhulu kumaseli ezitshalo. Ngokuyinhloko umehluko phakathi kwamaseli ezilwane, ngoba awanawo ama-chloroplast. Ngayo yonke imisebenzi eliyifezayo, ukube bekungengenxa yabo, izimo eziningi zokuphila esinazo namuhla ngabe azikho, ngoba i-photosynthesis ibingeke ibe khona.