Ngaphakathi kwezitshalo esaziyo ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningana. Izitshalo zomhlaba ezingakhiqizi imbewu, kepha zikwenza lokho ngezinhlamvu zaziwa njenge ama-pteridophytes. Lezi yizitshalo zemithambo zakudala ezithuthukile kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo nokuthi namuhla sazi njengama-ferns, yize leli qembu linezinye izitshalo ezifana nesigaba seLycopodiopsida neSelaginella. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-13.000 zama-pteridophyte emhlabeni jikelele ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica kunezinye iziqhingi.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici, izindawo zokuhlala nezinhlobo zezitshalo ze-pteridophytic.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ama-Pteridophytes yizitshalo zakudala ezakhula ekuqaleni kweplanethi yethu futhi azivelisi ngembewu, kepha ngezinhlamvu. Lezi zitshalo zikhula kahle ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezinomswakama nezipholile, yize zikwazi ukuxhasa impilo kahle ezindaweni ezomile. Igama elithi pteridophytes alisetshenziswa njengegama lentela elisebenza ukwehlukanisa nokuhlukanisa lezi zitshalo. Ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuqoka o-fern nezihlobo zabo.
Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zithathwa njengezamanzi noma ezinamanzi amancane, yize kungekho nokukhula kwazo olwandle. Njengoba badinga inani elikhulu lomswakama, bangathuthukiswa ngokuphelele eduze kwezindawo zamanzi njengezimpophoma, imifula, amachibi neminye imifudlana noma imifudlana.
Isakhiwo sesitshalo sinezimpande, iziqu namaqabunga futhi singafinyelela osayizi obukhulu. Izimpande zingakhula kancane noma kancane kunalezo zama-gymnosperms nama-angiosperms, kepha kuzoya ngosayizi nezinye izici zohlobo. Azinaso isiqu esinokhuni kepha zinganweba ngaphansi komhlaba ukuze zisebenze njenge-rhizome. Ngenxa yalesi siqu, amaqabunga osayizi obukhulu ngokwanele angavela. Lawa maqabunga anobukhulu obukhulu nendawo engaphezulu ukuze akwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis futhi abambe umswakama omningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Lapho esemncane, lawa maqabunga asongwe ngokwawo. Banomthambo olula lapho yonke eminye imithambo iqala khona.
Amaqabunga anegama futhi kungamaqabunga noma amaflekhi, yingakho izitshalo zibizwa nangokuthi zinamaqabunga. Ngemuva banamabala abizwa ngokuthi ama-sori lapho kuhlangana khona izinhlamvu ze-haploid. Lapho izinhlamvu ziwela futhi zihlume, kwakheka okwakheke okwenhliziyo okunamathiselwe enhlabathini ngohlobo lwezinwele ezimunca. Yize lezi zitshalo zingenayo imbewu, izimbali nezithelo, ziyakwazi ukwenza uhlelo lokuhambisa uketshezi.
Izinhlobo zama-pteridophyte
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-pteridophyte futhi akuzona nje ama-ferns. Ake sihlaziye ukuthi iziphi izitshalo ezikweli qembu:
- Izitshalo ze-genus Selaginella: I-Selaginella inamaqabunga alula neziqu ezinamagatsha amakhulu. Bayakwazi ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlamvu phakathi kwazo okungama-megaspores nama-microspores.
- Izitshalo ze-genus Isoetes: Yilezo zitshalo zasemanzini noma ezinamanzi amancane ezingakhula enhlabathini emanzi. Abadingi ngokuphelele amanzi ukuze bakwazi ukuthuthuka. Amaqabunga awo abukeka enelukuluku futhi ayize futhi anciphile.
- Izimila zesigaba seLycopodiopsida: Lesi sitshalo singabonakala njengesidala ngokubukeka futhi sinamaqabunga amise okwesikali neziqu ezinamagatsha amakhulu.
- IGenus Equisetum: Lezi zitshalo zaziwa ngegama elijwayelekile le-horsetail. Amaqabunga alezi zitshalo mancane kakhulu ngosayizi futhi neziqu zawo ziyize.
- Amafeni: Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-12.000 zama-ferns kuleplanethi anamaqabunga e-photosynthetic nezinhlaka ezifana nezimpande ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-rhizoids. Amanye amafern angakhula ngaphezu kwezinye izitshalo futhi asebenzise amanzi aphuma ezihlokweni noma emithini noma ngokuqondile emoyeni oswakeme. Lokhu kwenza amaqabunga abe makhulu ukuze akwazi ukuthatha umoya obazungezile. Lapho ubukhulu beqabunga bukhulu, inani lamanzi elingamunca liyanda. Zidinga izindawo ezinomswakama futhi ezinomthunzi futhi ziyakwazi ukufinyelela kumamitha ayi-5 ubude. Kunamafern amancane nezinye ezimise okwesihlahla, ezibizwa ngokuthi izihlahla zomuthi.
Ukubaluleka kwama-pteridophyte embusweni wezitshalo
Izitshalo zePteridophyte zibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho futhi zisetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Azisetshenziswa ekudleni kwezilwane nabantu. Kunezinhlayiya ezithile ezisetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo zomhlaba ngabantu. Ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kakhulu okokuhlobisa kwazise basebenzela ukuhlobisa ingaphakathi lezakhiwo namakhaya.
Okubizwa nge-horsetail kuyadingeka ukwenza amakhambi okwelapha asiza kwezinye izifo nezifo. Amanye ama-pteridophyte amancane anikezwa njengokudla.
Ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, lezi zitshalo nazo zisengozini yokuqothulwa. Iningi lezitshalo zomhlaba zithinteka ngabantu. Ama-Pteridophyte ikakhulukazi athintwa yimililo yehlathi. Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ziyizitshalo ezidinga indawo enomswakama omkhulu, ngakho-ke ziyayidinga ukuze ziphile. Imvamisa iyaqonda ukuhlupheka ngemithelela engemihle yalawo mahlathi alahlekelwa yisembozo sesihlahla bese umoya nelanga kuqala ukuwoma.
Zonke izinto ezinciphisa umswakama ohlobene nomhlabathi zingathinta ama-pteridophytes ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane. Okufanayo kwenzeka ngesomiso kanye nokukhishwa kwezifundo zamanzi ngabantu ngemisebenzi efana nokunisela kwezolimo. Ngaphandle kwalezi zindlela zamanzi zokugcina umswakama ophakeme, ama-pteridophyte abona abantu babo bephelile.
Phakathi kwemithelela ethinta kakhulu lezi zitshalo esiyitholayo ukufuduka emadolobheni, ukuhlaselwa kwezinhlobo ezingaphandle ezinamazinga aphezulu empumelelo, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithombo yemvelo neminye imisebenzi yabantu. Zonke lezi zinsongo ziholele kwezinye izinhlobo zamafern njenge I-Adiantum fengianum, i-Adiantum sinicum, ne-Stenochlaena hainanensis zisengozini yokuqothulwa namuhla.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngezitshalo ze-pteridophyte.