Phakathi kwazo zonke izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene ezitholakala ezitshalweni ze-herbaceous horticultural, ezibandakanya izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo, njengamazambane, utamatisi kanye nezimboni, kanye neklabishi, ukholifulawa netheniphu phakathi kwezinye eziningi, amazambane ibhungane.
Ibhungane lamazambane ibhungane elinamandla futhi elinye lamabhungane anolaka kakhulu emaqabungeni amasimu amazambane. Imbangela ukuthuthuka kwayo okusheshayo nokuhlaselwa kwayo, okungaphela nakanjani ukuvuna kwalezi zilimo eziyizigaxa.
Lithini ibhungane lamazambane?
Kubizwa amazambane ibhungane futhi yaziwa ngokwesayensi njenge Leptinotarsa decemlineata, kwisinambuzane esinezici eziningi njengesinambuzane emasimini amazambane ahlukahlukene, sibahlasela futhi kwezinye izimo size siqede nokuphila kwesitshalo.
Yibhungane eliyingxenye yomndeni we-chrysomelid futhi lokho kungabonakala kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomhlaba lapho kutshalwa khona amazambane amazambane, okuthe ngaphandle kokusebenza njengesilokazane, kusatshalaliswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke.
Indawo edabuka kuleli bhungane akumangalisi ukuthi ihlanganise ini nendawo eyaqala kuyo amazambane, emuva e-Upper Peru, eNingizimu Melika, kodwa lezi ziye zajwayela ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ngokukhethekile kulesi sitshalo esinomsoco, iyona ethathe indawo yesitshalo semvelo esinomsoco salezi zinambuzane, eyayiyizoni engaphezulu. Yilokhu okudale ukusabalala kwayo ezindaweni ezahlukene emhlabeni lapho kunezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Izici
Isici sokuqala esaziwa ngaso ukuthi izitshalo zethu zamazambane sinala mabhungane, yilokho sizobona isinambuzane esinomzimba ogcwele imivimbo ngokuphelele.
Lezi zingaba nemivimbo eyi-10 ephuzi nokumnyama engxenyeni yabo engenhla, ngenkathi ekugcineni kwegobolondo labo sizobona ikhanda lazo livela, kusuka kumbala obomvu ukuya kumthunzi okhanyayo futhi ngezinye izindawo ezinombala omnyama engxenyeni engenhla. Mayelana nezilinganiso zayo, ingaba nobude obungadluli amamilimitha ayi-10.
Leli bhungane elisebenzisa izilimo eziyizilimo eziyizigaxa laqala lachazwa ngumcwaningi waseNyakatho Melika, isazi semvelo nesazi sezinambuzane okuthiwa UThomas Say, ngokusebenzisa amashothi enza ngezibonelo ezitholakala ezintabeni ezidumile zeRocky, ezisuka e-Alaska ziye enyakatho ye-United States.
Ukuzala
Okubalula kakhulu lolu hlobo lwebhungane nokuthi yini okubhekelwa kakhulu njengokukhathazeka kwalabo balimi bamazambane emhlabeni wonke, isivinini namandla amakhulu abanawo okuzala kabusha.
Ukubekwa kwamaqanda kwalezi zinambuzane kwenzeka ngaphansi kwamaqabunga futhi ngalinye kula mabhungane lingazala, Amaqanda ama-5 kuye kwangama-20 ngeqabunga ngalinye, cishe amaqanda angama-2000 emaqabunga ahlukene yesitshalo esisodwa noma eziningi.
La maqanda, ngokubheka umuntu, angabonakala ngokushesha ngaphansi kwamaqabunga futhi lokhu kuhlobene nokuthi ziqhathanisa okuluhlaza ngombala ophuzi noma iwolintshi elithile.
Uma kwenzeka sibona ithoni ebomvu kakhudlwana eduze kwalezi zindawo eziwolintshi, sizobe sibhekene nezibungu zalesi sinambuzane esifanayo. Lezi yizo ezizodala umonakalo othile ezitshalweni, njengoba kuzoba yibo okuthi, uma amaqanda esechanyuselwe, aqale ukondla amaqabunga esitshalo ukuze athuthuke.
Ungabona kanjani ukutholakala kwebhungane lamazambane?
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, womabili amaqanda nezibungu zawo esigabeni sokukhula, futhi ngemuva nje kokuchamuselwa, zizobekwa ngaphansi kwamaqabunga, ngakho-ke ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile kolunye uhlangothi lwala maqabunga kuzoba yindlela efanele yokuthola ukuthi isitshalo sethu siyadliwa yila mabhungane amazambane.
Esinye isici esizocacisa ukuthi lezi zivuselela izilimo zethu, kuzoba yilokho sizobona amaqabunga aboshiwe, futhi ikhiqiza i-curl, engesinye sezimpawu ezivame kakhulu emaqabungeni azo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo lapho zisongelwa isifo.
Njengoba sishilo phambilini, leli bhungane alikwazi ukubonakala kuphela esitshalweni samazambane, kodwa futhi livame kakhulu kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zohlobo lwe-solanaceous, ezinjengotamatisi kanye isitshalo seqanda, kubangela kukho konke lokhu ukulimala okungathi empeleni kube nesimo somzimba.
Ibhungane lamazambane lingadala umonakalo omkhulu kuzo zonke izitshalo zalezi zilimo eziyizigaxa kanye namanye ama-nightshades. Njengoba sonke sazi, amazambane asatshalaliswe emhlabeni wonke, ukuba namasimu kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni, ngakho-ke lokhu kubangele nokuthi leli bhungane lisatshalaliswe emazwenikazi ama-5.
IYurophu yezwa ngamandla wesifo lo bhungane onomphumela we umonakalo omkhulu osuvele ubangelwe yilesi sinambuzane ezindaweni zase-United States, ngakho-ke bekungaba ngama-30s kanye nama-40s lapho izinyathelo zokuqapha seziqale ukwenziwa, kepha-ke izimpi zomhlaba ezaholela ekunganakwa okunengqondo kwalezi zinhlupho.
Ibhungane lamazambane lingabhubhisa isitshalo esinjalo cishe ngokuphelele. Ukuwohloka kwamaqabunga awo kubonakala kakhulu, ngoba akusona isinambuzane esiwasebenzisayo kuphela kodwa nezibungu zawo. Uyomangala ukwazi ukuthi izibungu ezingama-200 zala ma-coleopteran zingadla ikhilogremu lamaqabunga nokuthi owesifazane oyedwa esitshalweni angathinta uhhafu wehektare lokutshala unyaka wonke.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi la mabhungane ngokuvamile adla i-foliar epidermis, kushiya kuphela ama-petioles nendawo endaweni yayo, ekugcineni kubangele ukuthi isitshalo some.
Enye inkinga abalimi bama-tuber ababhekene nayo yilokho alukho uhlobo lomzingeli walezi zinhlobo zebhungane. Lokhu kuhlobene nokuthi kuyinhlobo exotic ezingxenyeni eziningi zeplanethi, into edale ukuthi ingabi nezitha zemvelo, futhi ibingenazo izidliwayo ezindaweni ezivela kuzo.
Izindlela zokwelapha
Bacoshe ngesandla
Enye yezinto zokuqala ongayenza, ephumelela kakhulu, ukuqhubeka ucasule futhi usiphule amabhungane ahamba kancane ezungeze izitshalo zakho. Lokhu kulula ukukufeza ngosuku olubalele, olufudumele lapho izinambuzane zingafihli.
Bese ubashiya esitsheni ngensipho namanzi, lokho kuzoqeda lesi silokazane ngokushesha futhi kalula. Yize kungakuhle ukubulala abantu abadala, qiniseka ukuthi uthola izibungu eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka, njengoba zenza umonakalo omkhulu.
Izembozo zomugqa ezintantayo
Irowu entantayo ihlanganisa kungasiza ukuvikela izitshalo zakho ezinambuzaneni ezinambuzane. Sebenzisa i-swath entantayo engasindi eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile futhi uvikele ngokuphelele impahla phansi ngomhlabathi noma okuyisisekelo.
Qiniseka ukuthi awuzimbozi izitshalo endaweni lapho zazikhule khona ngaphambilini, kusukela lapho lezi zinambuzane zingabhula ngaphezulu emhlabathiningakho-ke ungaba nokutheleleka ngaphansi kwekhava lomugqa entantayo uma ungaqapheli.
Izicupho
Enye indlela yokuvikela ukutshala izitshalo eziheha lezi zinambuzane. Uma utshala izingibe ezungeze umngcele wensimu yakho, amabhungane azokhipha isikhungo sokuqala asibonayo. Lokhu kungabambezela ukusabalala kwayo.
Noma iziphi izitshalo zokubungaza ezijabulela ukuzidla zizosebenza njengesilimo sokufaka isicupho, kufaka phakathi amanye amalungu omndeni. Solanaceae, njenge-cherry yomhlaba, imbabazane, utamatisi kanye ne-sitrobheli, yizona ezikhonjisiwe.
Umjikelezo wempilo webhungane lamazambane
Ukuze sazi kangcono ibhungane lamazambane, singakusho lokho umjikelezo wayo wokuphila uphakathi kwenyanga eyodwa nezinsuku ezingama-40 zokuphila. Lapho kuchamuselwa, izibungu zizoqala zondle ebusweni beqabunga, zikhombise umbala obomvu ophawuleka kakhulu, ongaba lula ngesikhathi sokukhula.
Kulokhu kuthuthuka, bazolimaza iqabunga ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ngokwesisekelo ukudla kwabo izibungu bese kuthi, lapho befinyelela enguqukweni yabo yokuba ngabantu abadala, bazoqhubeka nale nqubo yokonakala kwesitshalo. Bangaba nezizukulwane eziningana ngonyaka.