IGibberellins

Ngendlela okumangalisa ngayo, izitshalo zinamahomoni azo. Lokhu kuyadingeka ekukhuleni kwayo okufanele. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-gibberellins, ikakhulu obangela ukukhula kwemifino.

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo kwezitshalo, ama-gibberellins nawo Zinokusetshenziswa okuningana okuzuzisayo lapho usingatha izithelo nemifino. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngala mahomoni ezitshalo, funda uqhubeke.

Ama-Phytohormones

Kubathandi bezitshalo, ngeke kusimangaze ukuthola ukuthi izitshalo zikhiqiza namahomoni, aziwa ngokuthi ama-phytohormones. Lawa ngama-molecule athinta ukukhula, ukusebenza nokwehlukanisa komzimba wesitshalo, noma ezinye zezingxenye zawo. Imvamisa, ama-hormone akhiqizwa ezindaweni eziphansi futhi ngaleyo ndlela asebenzise izenzo zawo. Ngokungafani nezilwane, izitshalo zingakwazi ukuhlanganisa ama-hormone ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene.

Kukhona esewonke ama-phytohormones amahlanu ithonya labo ekuthuthukisweni kwemifino kubaluleke kakhulu:

1. Ama-Auxins
2. IGibberellins
3. AmaCytokinins
4. I-Ethylene
5. I-Abcisic acid

Kodwa-ke, muva nje kunezelwe ezinye izinto ohlwini lwamahomoni ezitshalo. Lokhu kufaka ama-jasmonate, i-brassinosteroids, i-salicylic acid, kanye namanye ama-peptide. Wonke ama-hormone ezitshalo ayasebenzisana, isitshalo asikwazi ukusinda uma umuntu ehluleka. Isimo somzimba sezitshalo siwumphumela wesenzo esiphikisayo noma ukubambisana phakathi kwama-phytohormones.

Yini ama-gibberellins futhi uyini umsebenzi wawo?

Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, ama-gibberellins, noma ama-GAs, ayingxenye yamahomoni ezinhlanu ezitshalo akhona. Lokhu kukhiqizwa ngqo ekukhuleni kwembewu, izicubu ezincane, izithelo nasendaweni ye-apical. AmaGibberellins empeleni ama-hormone okukhula ezithintekayo ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo. Ukuqala kokuhlanganiswa kwayo kwenzeka kuma-chloroplast, kepha ulwelwesi lwe-plasma nalo lubambe iqhaza. Ngokuqondene nokuthuthwa kwalawa ma-phytohormones, kwenzeka ohlelweni lwe-vascular. Kodwa-ke, konke kukhombisa ukuthi ezinye zazo zinokwabiwa okunemikhawulo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

I-Ethylene

AmaGibberellins akhiqiza imiphumela efana kakhulu nezinsimbi, njengokukhulisa ubude obuphakathi kwezindawo zeziqu. Uma kwenzeka la ma-phytohormone engekho, izitshalo ziba mfushane. Yini enye, khuthaza ukuqhakaza, ukusheshisa ukuhluma nokulawula ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni embewini yamabele.

Ngaphandle kokuthi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu zama-gibberellin ziyaziwa, bambalwa kuphela kubo abakhombisa umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo. Okuvamile yile: GA1, GA3, GA4, GA7 neGA9. Njengamanje, ezinye zazo zisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuhweba ngokusetshenziswa kofuzo kwezithelo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezohwebo

Ngayo yonke intuthuko esiyifinyelelayo ezingeni lobuchwepheshe nezesayensi, akumangazi ukuthi abantu bayayazi indlela yokusebenzisa ama-gibberellins. Ngokulandelayo sizophawula ngokunye kokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezebhizinisi:

• Ushintsho kusuka esigabeni sobusha kuya esigabeni sabantu abadala: Ezingeni lomzimba, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ama-GAs ukuthinta isimo sobusha besitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela ukwazi ukudlulela esigabeni sabantu abadala noma okuphambene nalokho. Izitshalo zezingane yizo eziqala ukwakheka kwezimpande, ezidingekayo ekuphindaphindeni kwemifino. Kodwa-ke, njengabantu abadala balahlekelwa yile ndawo cishe ngokuphelele. Ngokusebenzisa ama-gibberellins kungenzeka ukusheshisa ukungena kokuqhakaza ngaphandle kokuba izitshalo ziqede isigaba sazo sobusha.
• Ukuqaliswa kwezimbali nokuzimisela kocansi: Ukusetshenziswa kwama-GAs kungashintsha izidingo ezithile ezitshalweni ukuze zichume. Isibonelo, bangashintsha imfuneko yokukhanya noma yokushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingakhombisa ukwakheka kwezakhi ezimbali bese zithinta ukuzimisela kocansi, zisivumele ukuthi sakhe izimbali zesilisa noma zesifazane. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngokuwela nokugwema ukuzitholela impova.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezithelo: Elinye ikhono ama-gibberellin analo ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezithelo. Usayizi wayo uthinta intengo nekhwalithi yayo. Kungenzeka nokwelula impilo yezithelo zezithelo ezithile ezisawolintshi, esihlahleni nasezivuniwe.
• I-Parthenocarpy: I-Parthenocarpy inqubo yokukhula kwezithelo ngaphandle kokwakheka kwembewu ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukufeza lezi zimbali ezingezona impova zelashwa ngama-gibberellin noma amanye ama-hormone.
• I-Biotechnology: Ama-GAs asetshenziselwa ukuvuselelwa kwezitshalo ku-vitro. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izicubu ezikhishiwe zidinga le hormone ukuze zikhule phakathi nesigaba sokuqala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwelashwa kwangaphambilini ngama-gibberellin kungenziwa ezitshalweni zomama ukuze kukhuthazwe ukukhula kwazo ukuze kuvunyelwe ukukhishwa kwamathiphu angenazo izinto eziphilayo ze-pathogenic.
• Kuthela ezimobeni: I-Sucrose, noma ushukela kamoba, unqwabelana ku-vacuole, ngakho-ke inani elingavunwa lincike kubungako be-vacuole. Ama-GAs asiza ukukhulisa ukuphakama kwezitshalo nokuqukethwe kwe-sucrose.

Njengoba sibona, ukusetshenziswa kwama-gibberellins kuningi. Ngenxa yezifundo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo, sikwazile ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yezithelo nemifino ezicini ezahlukahlukene. Futhi ngokomnotho ziwusizo olukhulu kubalimi. Noma kunjalo, isayensi iyaqhubeka nophenyo lwayo. Nsuku zonke kutholakala izinto ezithokozisayo ngomhlaba wezitshalo.