Kunamagatsha nezigaba eziningi ngaphakathi kwe-biology, ngalinye linezici zalo nokubaluleka kwalo. Enye yazo i-microbiology, sibonga esesikuzuzile ukuthuthuka okuningi okubalulekile kwezesayensi futhi ikakhulukazi kwezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi lomuntu luhlala lilinganiselwe kakhulu kulolu daba. Ngakho-ke, kutholakala okusha njalo.
Yize iningi labantu lihlobanisa amagciwane namagciwane abangela izifo kubantu nasezilwaneni, iqiniso ukuthi besingeke siphile ngaphandle kwamagciwane amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizisebenzisa ngisho nasezingeni lezimboni. Kule ndatshana sizokhuluma nge-microbiology, sichaze ukuthi kuyini futhi siqambe zonke izinhlobo ezikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sifuna ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kwalesi sayensi kubantu. Uma unesithakazelo esihlokweni, qhubeka ufunda.
Yini i-microbiology?
Ngaphakathi kwebhayoloji kunamagatsha amaningi acwaninga ngezici ezahlukahlukene zaleli qembu elikhulu. Enye yalezo zesayensi yi-microbiology. Lokhu kubhekele ukutadisha nokuhlaziywa kwamagciwane amancane. Ngoba leli gatsha lebhayoloji ligxila kakhulu kuma-pathogen wabantu, livame ukuhlobene nezigaba ezingaphakathi kwezokwelapha, njenge-immunology, epidemiology kanye ne-pathology.
Yize ulwazi esinalo namuhla sibonga i-microbiology lubanzi kakhulu, kusenezinto eziningi okufanele sizazi futhi sizazi. Okutholakele okusha kuhlale kwenzeka kulesi sayensi futhi akumangazi, ngoba ngokwezibalo, njengamanje sekufundwe kuphela i-1% lama-microorganism ku-biosphere. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi i-microbiology isaqala, yize iqiniso lokuthi amagciwane okuqala atholakala eminyakeni engama-300 eyedlule. Kepha uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imikhakha yemvelo efana ne-botany, i-zoology noma i-entomology, i-microbiology isanda kusuka nje.
Ama-microorganisms
Kodwa yini ama-microorganisms? Yizinto ezincane eziphilayo ezingabonakali ngeso lomuntu. Elinye igama abaziwa ngalo ngama- "microbes." Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi i-microbiology yisayensi ehlola izinto eziphilayo ezingabonakala ngemicroscope kuphela: izinto ezilula ze-prokaryotic ne-eukaryotic.
Amagciwane angenziwa ngeseli elilodwa, ngaleyo ndlela abe ama-unicellular, noma ama-cell amancane ahlanganiswe ngamaseli alinganayo, ngakho-ke ngeke kube khona ukwahlukana kweseli. Lokhu kungaba yi-eukaryotic noma i-prokaryotic. Esimweni sokuqala, amaseli anemvilophu yenuzi, njengesikhunta. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-prokaryote awanayo le mvulophu, okungaba yinkinga yamagciwane. Noma kunjalo, ama-microbiologists agxile ikakhulukazi kuma-microorganisms we-pathogenic etholakala phakathi kwamagciwane, amagciwane nesikhunta. Amanye amagciwane ashiywe kwamanye amagatsha e-biology, njenge-parasitology.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-microbiology?
Ngoba kuyinsimu ebanzi kakhulu, kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-microbiology lapho abafundi bangagxila khona. Sizobona ngezansi ukuthi ziyini nokuthi zimayelana nani.
I-physiology yamagciwane
Endabeni ye-physiology ye-microbial, kuyafundwa, ezingeni lamakhemikhali, ukusebenza kwamangqamuzana ama-microorganisms. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imetabolism, ukulawulwa kwayo nokukhula kwayo. Lolu hlobo lwe-microbiology luhlobene kakhulu ne-microbial genetics.
Izakhi zofuzo ezincane
Leli gatsha lifunda ukulawulwa nokuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo zama-microorganisms. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibuye ihlaziye ukuthi lezo zofuzo zikulawula kanjani ukusebenza kwamaseli. I-Microbial genetics ihlobene kakhulu ne-biology yamangqamuzana.
I-microbiology yezokwelapha
Njengoba singacabanga, i-microbiology yezokwelapha yiyo ephethe ukutadisha lezo zinambuzane kubangele izifo kubantu, i-pathogenesis, ukwelashwa kanye nokudluliswa. Ngenxa yalokhu, lolu hlobo lwe-microbiology lubaluleke kakhulu kwezinye izayensi ezifana nemithi, i-pharmacology, i-epidemiology futhi, nempilo yomphakathi.
I-microbiology yezilwane
Njengohlobo lwangaphambilini, i-veterinary microbiology ifunda ngamagciwane ayimbangela yezifo, kepha kulokhu lezilwane. Igxila kakhulu kuma-microorganisms athinta kabi izilwane ezifuywayo nezilwane ezinentshisekelo kwezomnotho, njengezimvu, izingulube, izimbuzi, izinkukhu, njll.
I-microbiology yezemvelo
Uma sikhuluma nge-microbiology yezemvelo, sisho isayensi efundayo ukwehluka nendima yamagciwane ezindaweni zawo zemvelo. Leli gatsha lifaka i-geomicrobiology, bioremediation, ukwehluka kwamagciwane, kanye nemvelo yamagciwane.
Imvelo microbiology
Njengoba ungacabanga nje, lezi zifundo zesayensi ukuvela kwamagciwane, kufaka phakathi i-taxonomy kanye ne-systematics yama-bacteria.
I-microbiology yezimboni
Futhi ezingeni lezimboni kukhona uhlobo lwe-microbiology. Lona ophethe ukutadisha ukuxhashazwa kwamagciwane maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwawo ezinkambisweni ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Nazi ezinye izibonelo:
- Ukukhiqizwa kokudla okufana noshizi, ama-yogathi, njll.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwama-biologicals, njengemithi yokugoma noma ama-antidotes.
- Ukuphathwa kwendle.
- Ukuvutshelwa kwezimboni ukuze kutholakale iziphuzo ezidakayo.
Le sayensi ihlobene kakhulu ne-biotechnology, ngoba ukukhiqizwa kwama-metabolites athile we-microbial kukhuliswa ngokweqile ngamasu wobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, kunjalo ngenhloso yezomnotho. Nakhu ukutholwa kwama-antibiotic, amavithamini, ama-organic acid kanye nama-amino acid, phakathi kwabanye.
I-microbiology yokudla
Mayelana nokudla, ukuhlaziywa okwenziwa yi-microbiology kuyasebenza kakhulu. Imiphumela etholwe elabhoratri iyingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke zenqubo yonke yokuhlola.
I-microbiology yenhlanzeko
Izifundo ze-Microbiology yezempilo amagciwane onakalisayo futhi angcolise ukudla, noma ngazo bakwazi ukudlulisa izifo kubantu abazisebenzisayo.
I-microbiology yezolimo
Amanye ama-microorganisms, ikakhulukazi isikhunta namagciwane, etholakala emhlabathini osetshenziselwa ukutshala izitshalo yezintshisekelo zezomnotho. Isayensi ebafundayo kanye nokusebenzisana kwabo okuzuzisayo yi-microbiology yezolimo.
I-Phytopathology
Ngokuphathelene nezitshalo, i-phytopathology isifundo ku izifo zezitshalo. Izilwanyana ezincane eziningi ezinjengamagciwane, amabhaktheriya, isikhunta noma ama-nematode zingathinta izitshalo.
Imvelo yamagciwane
Mayelana nemvelo yamagciwane, iyafunda isimilo sabantu begciwane lapho usebenzisana endaweni efanayo. Ukuze benze lokhu, basungula ubudlelwano begazi komunye nomunye.
Imikhakha ehlobene kanye nemikhakha engaphansi
Ngaphandle kwezinhlobo zama-microbiologies akhona, kunemikhakha ethile ehlobene noma eyingxenye yalesi sayensi. Nalu uhlu lwazo:
- I-bacteriology: Funda ama-prokaryote, okuyizibhaktheriya kanye ne-archaea. Kufaka iMycobacteriology.
- I-Phycology: Funda ulwelwe kanye ne-microalgae. Futhi ibizwa nge- "algology."
- I-Mycology: Fundisisa amakhowe.
- Micropaleontology: Funda ama-microfossils.
- I-Palynology: Impova yokutadisha nezinhlamvu.
- I-Protozoology: Funda iprotozoa.
- I-Virology: Funda ngamagciwane.
Yini ukusetshenziswa kwe-microbiology?
Yize ezingeni lomlando ama-microorganisms abekade ehlotshaniswa kuphela nezifo zomuntu nezilwane, namuhla siyazi ukuthi amagciwane e-pathological amele iphesenti eliphansi kakhulu lesamba. Ubuningi bezinto ezincane zilungile futhi zibalulekile kithina nasezinhlelweni zemvelo, njengamagciwane aphila ngokuvumelana emgudwini wethu wokugaya ukudla. Ngaphandle kwabo besingeke sikwazi ukugaya.
Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi ebalulekile abayenzayo ezintweni eziphilayo, ama-microorganisms asetshenziswa futhi ezimbonini ukukhiqiza, ngokwesibonelo, iziphuzo ezidakayo, ama-yogurts noma ama-antibiotics. Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukubaluleka kwayo ocwaningweni lwezinto eziphilayo olwenziwa emhlabeni wonke. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni nokwenziwa kofuzo.
Njengoba kuyisayensi ekhethekile kakhulu, ulwazi lwe-microbiological luhlukaniswe imikhakha eminingana:
- I-microbiology yezokwelapha
- Ukuzivikela komzimba
- I-microbiology yemvelo
- I-microbiology yezolimo
- I-Biotechnology
Ngamunye wabo ubalulekile ohlotsheni lwempilo esiyiphilayo njengamanje. Yini enye, eziningi zalezi sayensi bezingeke zithuthuke kakhulu ukube bekungezona izazi ze-microbiologists.
Ukubaluleka namuhla
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-microbiology yenze igalelo elibalulekile kukho kokubili i-biology nemithi. Ikakhulu maqondana nemikhakha ye ufuzo, iseli biology kanye ne-biochemistry. Imiphumela yalesi sayensi ibe mihle kakhulu, yasiza imishanguzo emisha yokwelapha izifo ezahlukahlukene zabantu nezilwane. Kepha akuthintanga nje kuphela emhlabeni wezempilo, uma kungenjalo nakweminye imikhakha efana nemboni yokudla. Ngenxa yocwaningo olwenziwe ngamagciwane amancane kwezolimo, kungenzeka ukulwa nezilokazane ezincane ukuze kugweme ukwehla kwenani nekhwalithi yezitshalo.
Ekuphetheni singasho ukuthi i-microbiology yisayensi ebaluleke kakhulu namuhla. Ngenxa yalo singadla ukudla okuthile futhi welaphe izifo eziningi nezifo ngezifo. Ngakho-ke singajabula ngokuthi kunezinto ezincane eziphilayo, ngoba zimbalwa kakhulu zazo eziyingozi kithina. Ngiyethemba ukuthi lo mbhalo ukucacisile konke ukungabaza kwakho ngaleli gatsha lebhayoloji.