Ingxenye yezakhiwo inesibopho sokwenza imiklamo esimeme kakhulu ukwenza ukusebenza kwamandla kube ngcono kanye nomthelela emvelweni ube uncane. Enye yezindlela ezisetshenziselwa lokhu ikhava yezitshalo. Ikhava yemifino inezinzuzo eziningi esizozihlaziya ngayinye ngayinye.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi uphahla oluluhlaza luyini, yiziphi izici nokubaluleka kwalo.
Luyini uphahla oluluhlaza?
Uphahla oluluhlaza esakhiweni luwuphahla oluluhlaza, kanye nophahla oluqukethe amaphaneli elanga ashisayo noma e-photovoltaic noma elivikelwe ngezinto ezibonisa ukukhanya okuphezulu, kwandisa amandla okusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo njengoba ndawonye kusindisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukuziphatha kwamandla kwesakhiwo ngokuphathelene nendawo esizungezile. Eyaziwa nangokuthi uphahla oluluhlaza noma uphahla lwengadi, singathola izinhlobo ezahlukene.
Uphahla oluluhlaza uhlobo lophahla oseluvele lusetshenziswa emazweni aseNordic njengokwahlukanisa. Ngenxa ye-thermal inertia, ilawula umswakama futhi ilawula izinga lokushisa langaphakathi. Emazweni anjenge-Iceland, Norway noma Canada asetshenziselwa ukugqumisa, njengoba izitshalo ezisophahleni ziqoqa ukushisa ebusika, kuyilapho emazweni ashisayo njengeTanzania zigcina ingaphakathi lipholile naphezu kwemisebe yangaphandle yelanga.
Edolobheni laseCopenhagen, Abanikazi bophahla abasha bakwenze kwaba isibopho ukutshala uhlobo oluthile lohlaza ophahleni lwabo. Amanye amazwe anemithethonqubo elawula kanye/noma eklomelisa ukufakwa kophahla oluluhlaza. Kuvele ukuthi uphahla oluluhlaza lusiza ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa emadolobheni. Akukhona mayelana nokugcwalisa zonke izakhiwo ezisemadolobheni ezinophahla oluluhlaza, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kobuchwepheshe kunganciphisa umphumela wesiqhingi sokushisa okubangelwa izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu, ithrafikhi noma ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokushisa umoya. Umphumela wesiqhingi sokushisa uvela emadolobheni, lapho izinga lokushisa lingakhuphuka lifike ku-10 degrees uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo ezizungezile.
Uphahla oluluhlaza ku-LEED
Amathuluzi e-LEED afaka, njengesu elizinzile, ukufakwa kwekhava yemifino yazo zonke izinzuzo zemvelo nezomnotho esigabeni sendawo esimeme:
- Yehlisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ezikhukhula futhi inciphise ingozi yezikhukhula njengoba zigcina amaphesenti aphezulu emvula efika ku-90%, bese enye ingxenye iyahwamuka bese enye iqondiswa ngendlela yokubambezeleka, futhi ithuthukise ikhwalithi yayo ngokuhlunga ukungcola nezinsimbi ezinzima emanzini emvula.
- Ihlunga ukungcola kanye ne-carbon dioxide emoyeni, ukunciphisa ukungcola ngezinqubo zemvelo.
- Iyanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla njengoba inikeza ukufakwa kwe-thermal. Ngenxa ye-inertia eshisayo enganikezwa ikhava yesitshalo sisonke, ingasebenza njengomlawuli womswakama kanye nokushisa kwangaphakathi.
- Yandisa impilo yophahla ngoba umgoqo ongenamanzi uvikelekile emisebeni yelanga, ukushisa nokubanda neziphepho.
- Yehlisa imiphumela yesiqhingi sokushisa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni futhi unikeze izindawo eziluhlaza zokutshala noma zokungcebeleka kuye ngohlobo lwekhava yezitshalo.
- Ikhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo njengoba ivumela ukukhula kwezinhlobo. Ukuthuthukisa ingadi yasemadolobheni ophahleni lwendawo yasemadolobheni kungaba yindlela ethakazelisayo, ngisho nokunikeza ithuba lokukhulisa imikhiqizo yethu "ekhaya".
Izakhi zophahla oluluhlaza
Ikhava yesitshalo iqukethe izingxenye ezilandelayo:
- Ijazi elingangeni manzi. Ibekwe phezu kwezisekelo zophahla - ama-slabs - kulolu hlobo lophahla kufanele amelane nezimpande. Umkhuba ojwayelekile ukusebenzisa izinto zokuvikela amanzi njenge-EPDM, equkethe irabha egaywe kabusha, noma i-PVC, ephinde igaywe kabusha. Uma kusetshenziswe iphaneli ekhanyayo engakulungele ukuvimbela ukuphuka ngenxa yokuba khona kwezimpande, iphaneli ye-double layer kanye nohlobo oluthile lwe-primer yokuvikela izimpande kufanele kusetshenziswe.
- Ukuhlukaniswa okushisayo. Olunye uphahla oluluhlaza luhlanganisa ungqimba lwe-insulation.
- ungqimba wokudonsa amanzi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yayo ukukhipha amanzi ophahleni, ukugwema ukubola kwamanzi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukwakheka kwesikhunta ezimpandeni zezitshalo. Ingaqukatha ungqimba lwetshe noma ungqimba lwe-HDPE. I-polyethylene iyipulasitiki engagaywa kabusha.
- Isendlalelo sokugcina. Lolu ungqimba lunendawo eyi-concave ngakho lukwazi ukugcina amanzi ophahleni. Isendlalelo sokudonsa amanzi kanye nesendlalelo sokugcina singahlanganiswa sibe isendlalelo esisodwa.
- Isendlalelo sesihlungi. Iqukethe ama-geotextiles umsebenzi wawo uwukuvimbela ungqimba lwe-substrate olusele ukuthi lungakhukhulwa ngamanzi. Ngokugwema ukucwiliswa, i-substrate igcina izakhiwo zayo, ivumela ukukhula kwezitshalo. Ibekwe phezu kwe-drainage layer, ngokuvamile engu-125 g/m² polypropylene.
- Isendlalelo se-Absorbent. Umsebenzi oyinhloko walolu ungqimba ukugcina umswakama futhi kancane kancane uwukhulule, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile, ngokulungiswa okuncane kwesembozo sesitshalo kanye nokuhwamuka kwamanzi ngokushesha. Kungaba yingxenye ye-substrate ngokwayo noma ingafakwa ngaphansi kwayo.
- Ukuthumela okungaphansi. Yizwe lapho izitshalo zimila khona. Kumele ibe nemisoco efanele kanye ne-asidi yohlobo lwezitshalo etshalwa kuzo. Ubukhulu obufanele ngokuvamile buphakathi kuka-4 no-15 cm. Ukuphakama kwezitshalo akufanele kudlule ama-50 cm.
I-substrate isetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokukhula kwezimila ezikhethiwe. Ukwengeza, ungqimba oluvikelayo lungabekwa oluthiya ukukhula kwezitshalo ngaphandle kwalezo eziludingayo, futhi ngokubambisana kugcina i-substrate imanzi. Lokhu kusebenza kakhulu ezindaweni ezomile njengoba kunciphisa isidingo sokuchelela. Kulokhu, izinto zokupakisha, amagxolo kaphayini, amatshe entaba-mlilo, njll. ukuze kwehliswe i-evapotranspiration, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile.
I-Copenhagen ayibonakali iyindaba ehlukile yalo mkhuba noma isibopho sokugcwalisa amadolobha ngophahla oluluhlaza. Iphephandaba ledijithali i-lasprovincias.es elashicilelwa ngoMashi 2010 ukuthi ukubuyekezwa kohlelo oluyinhloko lweValencia, oluqhubeka kuze kube ngu-2025, ingadinga uphahla oluluhlaza ezakhiweni ezintsha. Isu elisuselwe kumibandela yemvelo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwezindawo zasemadolobheni nezakhiwo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini ikhava yesitshalo nokuthi yiziphi izici zayo.