Isihlahla sama-apula siyisitshalo esisabalele futhi esisengozini yezifo ezithile kanye nezinambuzane. Enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu yi- isihlahla se-apula mottle. Kuyisifo sokukhunta esingathinta kakhulu isihlahla nezithelo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi i-apula tree mottle iyini, yiziphi izici zayo, izimpawu kanye nokwelashwa.
Yini i-apula mottle
I-apula mottle yisifo sokukhunta esibaluleke kakhulu esibangelwa ukhunta I-Venturia ayilingani lokho kuthinta ukukhiqizwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze-apula.
Ukubonakala kwayo kwenzeka ekupheleni kwenkathi, kuthonywa kakhulu isimo sezulu sasentwasahlobo kanye nezimvula. Ngakho-ke, isimo sezulu esinomswakama esinamaqabunga amanzi nezithelo sithanda ukukhula kwawo ekuqaleni komjikelezo wezitshalo.
Amaqabunga awela phansi ahlaselwa ukhunta phakathi kukaSeptemba noNovemba futhi aphile kulezi zinyanga. Kamuva, entwasahlobo, lapho isikhunta siqala kabusha ukukhula futhi siqala ukukhiqiza ama-ascospores, ama-ascospores ahlakazwa yisenzo somoya futhi afinyelele amaqabunga nezithelo, aphinde ahlasele.
Kuzo zonke lezi zinqubo, imvula kanye nezinga lokushisa elithile liyadingeka. Izinga lokushisa elilungile le-ascospores ngu-20ºC. Ukuze zihlume ziyanyakaziswa phakathi kuka-15 no-22ºC, inqobo nje uma umswakama emaqabunga uhlala phakathi kwamahora amathathu namane. Isikhathi sokufukamela lesi sifo siyizinsuku eziyi-17-18 emazingeni okushisa angama-8-10ºC. kanye nezinsuku ezingu-8-14 emazingeni okushisa angama-20-25ºC. Futhi, ubuncane be-RH obudingekayo bungama-80-100%.
Inesikhathi sokufukamela esiyizinsuku eziyi-9 kuya kweziyi-18, izimpawu zivela kamuva emaqabunga nezithelo.
i-symptomatology
I-Venturia inaequalis ingathinta zonke izitho eziluhlaza zesitshalo, kodwa izimpawu zayo ezibonakala kakhulu, njengamabala amaqabunga kanye noqweqwe, zenzeka emaqabunga nasezithelo. Endabeni yamaqabunga athintwe i-Venturia sp., amachashaza aluhlaza omnqumo aqala ukukhula, alandelwe ngokuba mnyama ngaphansi ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwe-conidia. Uma ihlaselwa izikhathi eziningi, ingaqeda ukubola kwesihlahla.
Nakuba isenzo sawo emaqabunga singaphazamisa isivuno, umonakalo omkhulu uyenzeka lapho sihlasela isithelo. Esithelweni, amachashaza avelayo aphenduka abe mnyama njengoba kwakheka izinhlamvu. Uma lesi sifo senzeka lapho isithelo sisincane, ingxenye ethintekile izoyeka ukukhula futhi isithelo sizoqhekeka, sivumele ukungena kwamanye ama-microorganisms, athanda ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni. Uma lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezithelo, ingathinta izimfanelo zayo zobuhle, kanye nesitoreji sayo ngaphakathi futhi, ngakho-ke, inzuzo yayo.
I-Blotch fungus overwinters njenge-mycelium emaqabunga awile futhi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo yakha izithelo ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi "i-peritecae" equkethe imbewu yocansi yesikhunta, noma "ama-ascospores." Lezi zikhishwa kuma-perithecas uma sezivuthiwe futhi zithwalwa umoya nemvula emaqabunga nezimbali zezihlahla zama-apula. Zingena futhi ngenxa yalokho zibangele ukungcola noma ukuhlasela okuyinhloko. Ngemuva kweviki elingu-1 noma le-2, ngokuya ngezinga lokushisa, isikhunta sikhiqiza imizimba ye-asexual fruiting ebizwa ngokuthi "conidia", ezisiza ekusakazeni lesi sifo futhi zidale lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlasela kwesibili.
Indawo ngayinye ingakhiqiza i-conidia amaviki angu-4-6. Amazinga okushisa aphansi, imvula eningi kanye nomswakama ophezulu wemvelo kuvumela ukuvela nokusabalala kwezinhlamvu zezifo noma amagciwane, izici ezivame ukwenzeka esimweni sezulu sethu.
I-Apple mottle control
Kubalulekile ukuba nezinhlobo zezitshalo ezimelana namabala. Gwema ukutshala ezindaweni ezinomthunzi noma ezinomswakama ngokweqile. Ithuthukisa umoya nokukhanya kwesihlahla ngokwenza ukuthena okulungile, ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kokusiza ukungena kwemikhiqizo ye-phytosanitary, kubuye kufinyeze isikhathi sokumiswa kwamaqabunga nezithelo. Gcina utshani bufushane futhi ususe noma imaphi amaqabunga awele phansi ekwindla sekwephuzile.
Namuhla, ukulawulwa kwamabala okuphumelelayo kwenziwa ngamakhemikhali ukuze kulawulwe ukutheleleka okuyinhloko kanye nokutheleleka kwesibili okulandelanayo. I-inoculum eyinhloko ivela kuma-ascospores, akhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwamagobolondo asongekile akha emaqabunga awela phansi ebusika, ngakho-ke ukunciphisa ubunzima bokutheleleka okuyinhloko kuyadingeka:
Nciphisa ukwakheka kwama-wrappers emaqabunga ngenani lenhlabathi; lokhu kungafezwa ngokuwacosha phansi noma ukusheshisa inqubo yokubola udoti wamaqabunga ngokuwaphatha nge-5% urea lapho cishe amaqabunga angama-85% ewa.
Vimbela ama-ascospore athelelekayo angangeni ezithweni ze-apula (amaqabunga, izimbali nezithelo) ngoba afakwa kalula ukhunta ngaphansi kwezimo zokuswakama njalo amahora ambalwa. Ama-ascospores awaxoshwa kungazelelwe, kodwa kunalokho abhekana nenqubo yokuvuthwa kancane kancane futhi axoshwe emvilophini ngaphezu kwamaviki angu-6-8.
Izici okufanele zicatshangelwe i-mottle yesihlahla sama-apula
Ngaphansi kwezimo zethu, isikhathi sendiza ye-ascospores ngokuvamile sisukela ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli kuya ekupheleni kukaMeyi, kuye ngezimo zezulu zonyaka othize. Ukulawula kahle ukutheleleka okuyinhloko kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukutheleleka kwesibili okulandelayo. Ukuvikelwa kwezihlahla kufanele kuqale kusukela ngesikhathi kuvela izitho ezithintekayo, ngakho-ke, lapho zingekho iziteshi zokubika ukuze kuqashwe kabanzi lesi sifo, kuyasebenza kakhulu ukwelapha ngokulandela i-phenology yezitshalo. Lezi yizikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu:
- Isivikelo ekuqhakazeni izimbali kuya esethi yezithelo nge-systemic kanye/noma isikhunta esingena ngaphakathi.
- Ngesikhathi esisele somjikelezo, lapho izimo zomswakama ezidingekayo zikhona, ukutheleleka kwesibili okuqhubekayo kwenzeka.
Ukwelashwa kufanele kwenziwe ngemuva kokuqala kwezimo ezithathelwanayo, kucatshangelwa isikhathi sokuvikela sesikhunta esisetshenziswe ngaphambilini. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kunconywa ukuthi ugcobe isibulala-sikhunta phakathi kwamahora angama-24. Faka isibulala-magciwane sokwelapha ngemva kokuba isimo esithathelwanayo senzeke, noma phakathi namahora angu-48.
Ngaphambi kokuqeda ukuvunwa kwezitshalo, kuye ngokuthi isifo singakanani esizeni, ukwelashwa nge-systemic fungicide kungase kube inketho yokunciphisa ukugonywa kwe-overwintering esikhathini esizayo ensimini.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-apula mottle kanye nokwelashwa kwayo.