Ubhontshisi oluhlaza waziwa nangokuthi ubhontshisi wezinso futhi ungowomndeni we-legume. Ziqukethe inani elikhulu lamaprotheni, amaminerali kanye ne-fiber. Ziyaziwa emhlabeni wonke futhi zibonakala ngokuba nengxenye yokukhuphuka. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-low bush noma ama-dwarf beans, anokukhula okusesilinganisweni futhi awenza aphelele ukuze akwazi ukukhula ezindaweni ezincane, njengasezivandeni zasekhaya. Ukuze ukwazi ukufunda ukuhlwanyela ubhontshisi oluhlaza Kufanele siqale sazi izidingo nezinyathelo okufanele sizilandele.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizozinikezela ekutsheleni indlela yokutshala ubhontshisi oluhlaza nokuthi yini abayidingayo ukuze bazinakekele.
Izidingo zikabhontshisi oluhlaza
Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izidingo eziyinhloko ezidingwa ubhontshisi oluhlaza ukuze kutshalwe:
- Isimo sezulu: Ubhontshisi ngeke ukhule uma izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-10ºC noma uma i-photoperiod (inani lokukhanya elikuthola ngosuku) lincishisiwe. Zenza kahle kakhulu ezindaweni ezifudumele nezipholile. Uma sizitshala ezindaweni ezinomoya sizozivikela njengoba ziyizitshalo ezintekenteke futhi azisekeli umphumela oqondile womoya onamandla.
- Isendlalelo: Azenzi kahle emhlabathini obandayo futhi oswakeme, kodwa azenzi kahle uma zome kakhulu. Bathanda umhlabathi ovulekile, umbiwe kahle, omusha futhi ocebile nge-humus, kodwa ngaphandle komkhondo wezinto ezintsha eziphilayo. Uma sikhetha iziza sifuna ukuthi zishiswe ilanga ukuze kufudumale umhlabathi.
- Izakhamzimba: Ubhontshisi awudingi ukuvundiswa ngoba, njengamanye ubhontshisi, uyakwazi ukufaka i-nitrogen emkhathini ngenxa yamagciwane afaka i-nitrifying ezimpandeni. Uma inhlabathi impofu kakhulu, kungase kuthakazelise ukuxuba umquba obolile kakhulu (i-mulch) nomhlabathi inyanga ngaphambi kokutshala.
- Ukunisela: Ubhontshisi oluhlaza udinga inhlabathi engomi, njengoba engakwazi ukubekezelela ukuntuleka kwamanzi. Kungcono ukuthi ungaphuzi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kokuqala, ngoba lokhu kungabangela izimbali ukuba ziwe. Basengozini enkulu yokuntuleka komswakama, kodwa amanzi amaningi angaholela ekulahlekelweni kwesivuno. Umswakama ofanelekile wesigaba sokuqala sokutshalwa ngu-60%, ulandelwe ngu-65% kuya ku-75%. Lapho unisela, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukugwema amanzi amile. Ngakho-ke okufanelekile ukuchelela nge-drip.
Ungahlwanyela kanjani ubhontshisi oluhlaza
Uma sesazi ukuthi yiziphi izidingo ezibalulekile okufanele sizicabangele, sizofunda ukutshala ubhontshisi oluhlaza. Ubhontshisi uyafana neminye imidumba futhi kuyanconywa ukuthi uyihlwanyele ngqo ngoba ayikusekeli kahle ukufakelwa kabusha. Ukuhlwanyela kwenziwa lapho izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi lingaphezu kuka-8-10 ° C, ngakho ezindaweni ezibandayo sizolinda kuze kube sekuqaleni kuka-May ukuze sihlwanyele, kuyilapho ezindaweni ezipholile sizokwazi ukuhlwanyela ngo-March.
- Ubhontshisi wegatsha eliphansi: Zivame ukuhlwanyelwa emigqeni noma emigqeni engama-40-50 cm, beka imbewu engu-4 kuya ku-5 futhi ingcwatshwe emigodini eqhubekayo engama-30 kuya ku-40 cm ukuhlukana cishe ngo-2 noma 3 cm.
- Ubhontshisi we-Enrame: Zidinga isikhala esingama-60 kuya ku-75 cm phakathi kwemigqa noma imisele ukuze zithuthukise ukukhula kwazo futhi zigcine umoya okwanele. Mayelana nenani lezimbewu nokusatshalaliswa kwazo, kuhambisana nobhontshisi wasehlathini.
Ubhontshisi oluhlaza yizitshalo ezintekenteke, ngakho-ke i-organic mulch kufanele isetshenziselwe ukulawula ukhula futhi igcine inhlabathi imanzi futhi ingenisa umoya. Njengoba sike saxoxa ngaphambili, ubhontshisi wasehlathini awudingi izigxobo, kodwa ubhontshisi omnyama udinga ngoba ukhula ngokuzisonga ngezinto eziqinile. Ngalokhu sizobeka izinti noma izigxobo ezingaba ngu-2 noma 2,5m ukuze zibe phezulu. Isakhiwo esivame kakhulu ukubeka izigxobo yipiramidi, ngenxa yalokhu sizoxhuma imigqa emibili yomhlanga, sizoyigoqa futhi sizoyibopha phakathi nendawo.
Enye yezinto ezibalulekile okufanele ufunde ukutshala ubhontshisi oluhlaza ukuhlangana okungenziwa phakathi kwezinye izitshalo. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano eziyinhloko:
Inhlanganisela edume kakhulu yinhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi i-pre-Columbian association, lapho ummbila, ubhontshisi kanye ne-squash. Ummbila ungumgadi we-squash futhi ulungisa i-nitrogen. Ithanga lithatha isikhala phakathi kwezitshalo zombila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlanganisa ngokuphelele isanqante, iklabishi, ikhukhamba, sitrobheli, iparsley, amazambane kanye nezitshalo zikatamatisi. Kodwa azifanelekeli ugalikhi, u-anyanisi, i-fennel noma ama-leeks.
Ngokuqondene nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo, azifuni kakhulu izitshalo, futhi noma kunjalo, ukugwema izifo noma ama-parasites, kungcono ukushiya iminyaka emibili noma emithathu ngokuhlukana ngaphambi kokukhula endaweni efanayo.
Izinhlupho nezifo
Enye yezinto okufanele uyikhumbule lapho ufunda ukutshala ubhontshisi oluhlaza izinambuzane nezifo ezingase zithinte izitshalo. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi eziyinhloko:
- I-aphid eluhlaza nemnyama: Uma isitshalo sihlaselwa ngesikhathi, kwanele ukusiphula. Uma inkinga isabalele, kutuswa ukusebenzisa insipho ye-potassium ngamafutha e-neem.
- Izibungu zesicabucabu nezinye izibungu: Bahlasela uma kukhona ukuntuleka kokunisela, ngakho-ke sigcina umswakama wenhlabathi, ngisho ne-mulch iyanconywa. Uma kuqubuka izifo ezijwayelekile sisebenzisa insipho ye-potassium kanye namafutha e-neem, ngaphezu kwalokho ukukhishwa kukagalikhi kuyasisiza ukuthi sikugweme.
- I-Anthracnose: lesi sifo esiba namachashaza amnyama emaqabunga nasemiqulwini uma isimo sezulu sinomswakama kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, uma isimo sezulu sinomswakama kakhulu, sizozama ukuthi singathinti noma singavuni. Singakwazi ukufafaza i-horsetail uma siwatshala ezindaweni ezinomswakama. Uma ukuhlasela kuvamile, sizokhetha ukusiphula futhi sishise izitshalo ezithintekile.
- I-Powdery mildew: Lesi yisikhunta esivame ukwenzeka lapho umswakama nokushisa kuphezulu. Ukuze sigweme lokhu, sizosebenzisa i-horsetail futhi sizame ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sitshalo sinomoya omuhle. Uma lesi sifo sivame kakhulu, sizosebenzisa i-Bacillus thuringiensis ukuze siqhume.
Ukuvuna ubhontshisi
Ngemva kokuhlwanyela kuthatha cishe izinyanga ezimbili noma ezintathu ukuvuna, uma esizokuthola ubhontshisi owomile, sizolinda izinyanga ezine ukuze uvuthwe futhi wome.
Kunconywa ukuqoqa ama-pods njengoba akhiwa, ungawashiyi emahlathini isikhathi eside njengoba zizoba yizintambo futhi okusanhlamvu kuzokwakheka ngokushesha. Izitshalo zintekenteke, ngakho-ke siyazama ukungoni amahlumela, ama-pods nezimbali ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Ukugcina ukukhiqizwa okuhle, ukunisela okuningi emva kokuvuna kunconywa.
Ukuze sivune ubhontshisi owomile, singakha esinye sezihlahla esibona ubhontshisi ovuthiwe, noma wonke ama-pods ake avuthwe futhi aqoqe izitshalo, ziyeke zome elangeni isonto lonke, bese zinyakazisa izihlahla ukuze zome. Ama-pods ayachotshozwa futhi imbewu ikhululekile.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokutshala ubhontshisi oluhlaza.