Umquba noma i-mulch kuwumphumela wokuvutshelwa kwe-aerobic kwengxube yezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zomswakama, umoya, izinga lokushisa kanye nezakhamzimba. Baningi abantu abafuna ukufunda indlela yokwenza umquba ngodoti wokuthena ukudala lolu hlobo lukamanyolo ngokwemvelo.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele indlela yokwenza umquba ngezinsalela zokuthena, yiziphi izici okufanele uzicabangele nokuthi uyini umsebenzi wawo.
Indlela yokwenza umquba ngodoti wokuthena
U-Haug uchaza incazelo ephelele ngokuthi "izinto eziphilayo ezizinziswe zaba umkhiqizo ofana ne-humus emhlabathini, ongenalo amagciwane angaphandle kanye nembewu yokhula, ayidonsi izinambuzane futhi ingaphathwa, igcinwe, ithuthwe, ifakwe esikhwameni futhi inenzuzo ekukhuleni kwenhlabathi nezitshalo.
Ngalolu hlelo lokusebenza sisebenzisa yonke imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo epulazini ngokwalo. Izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe yilezi:
- Ingxube yebhalansi yezinto ukuze uthole isilinganiso se-carbon/nitrogen phakathi kuka-25-35 kuze kube yilapho inani eliphakathi kuka-15-10 litholakala ekupheleni kwenqubo.
- Usayizi wezinhlayiya ezifanele ukwenza umquba (2 kuya ku-5 mm ububanzi).
- I-pH engathathi hlangothi yokuqala impahla, elungiswayo uma kunesidingo.
- Isilinganiso sobuningi bezinto ezingavuthiwe (ushukela, amaprotheni, i-cellulose ne-lignin) kuhle.
- I-oksijeni ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwe-microbial (40-60% i-aeration).
- Umswakama ubalulekile ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwayo yonke inqubo (40-60%).
- Izinga lokushisa yipharamitha ekhombisa kahle kakhulu ukuthuthuka kwenqubo.. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu akufanele lidlule ku-70 ºC (lifanele phakathi kuka-55-65 ºC). Kulawa mazinga okushisa, ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuyagwenywa futhi ukubhujiswa kwamabhaktheriya e-pathogenic kanye nembewu ye-adventitious kuqinisekisiwe.
- Ubukhulu obufanele benqwaba buyimitha eyodwa nengxenye ukuphakama, i-trapezoidal esigabeni, ububanzi obuyimitha eyodwa nesigamu phansi, futhi akukho mkhawulo wobude bayo.
- Kubalulekile ukuqonda izimo zezulu lapho ibhethri lifakelwe khona ukuyivikela elangeni, emvuleni, emoyeni nasemakhazeni.
- Ekupheleni kwenqubo, kufanele sithole umkhiqizo ovuthiwe onephunga elimnandi elisikhumbuza phansi kwehlathi, umbala omnyama ojwayelekile wezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinga lokushisa elizinzile.
Ukulungiswa kwenqwaba yomquba
Ikwindla nobusika yizikhathi zonyaka lapho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi onzima kakhulu wokuthena izihlahla zezithelo. Lena imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokugcina izihlahla nezihlahla zethu ziphilile futhi zikhiqiza, kodwa zikhiqiza imfucumfucu eningi njengamaqabunga namagatsha angathatha umthamo omkhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi okunzima ukuwaphatha.
Uma ukuthenwa sekuphelile, izinsalela zesitshalo zingaphathwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ukugawula nokugcina izingodo ezinkulu kakhulu ukuze zisetshenziswe njengezinkuni ezindaweni zokucima umlilo nezoso, futhi sisebenzise izinkuni ukusishisa ebusika noma ukuhlela ukudla kwangaphandle entwasahlobo nasehlobo. Akwelulekanga ukuwanqwabelanisa, noma ngombono wobuhle, imvelo noma we-phytosanitary.
Izinyathelo zokufunda ukwenza umquba ngezinsalela zokuthena
Lapha sikunikeza izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokufunda ukwenza umquba ngezinsalela zokuthena:
1) Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ukunciphisa ubukhulu bamagatsha, okungcono ukuqopha izinkuni. Ngale nqubo, ubukhulu bemfucuza bungancishiswa futhi ukubola kwayo kube yizinto eziphilayo ezithandwayo, futhi uma sikwenza kube lula kubo, amagciwane (isikhunta namabhaktheriya) aphethe ukusiza kulo msebenzi azosebenza ngokushesha kubo. Futhi, ngokuhlakaza izinkuni zibe yizicucu, hhayi ezinkulu kakhulu noma ezincane kakhulu, ukomiswa kwento kungafinyelelwa ngaphandle kokumisa ngokweqile. Ukuze ufeze lo msebenzi, sincoma ukusebenzisa i-shredder engadini, njengoba ukusika wonke amagatsha ngesikelo kungaba umsebenzi onzima kakhulu futhi akufanele.
2) Okwesibili, kufanele sicabangele uhlobo lwemfucuza lokho ziyabola, njengemfucuza eluhlaza enqunywe entwasahlobo noma ehlobo, anomswakama ophezulu, ahlinzeka nge-nitrogen eningi futhi abola kakhulu. Nakuba le nto inokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu, isilinganiso sayo se-carbon/nitrogen ngokuvamile siphansi ngoba sivame ukuba ne-nitrogen ephezulu.
Kodwa-ke, izinsalela ezinsundu noma eziqinile zokhuni oluqinile oluqinile zivame ukuba nomswakama omncane, okuqukethwe kwenitrogen ephansi kanye nenani eliphezulu lekhabhoni/nitrogen. Kungani lokhu kubalulekile? Ngoba ukwenza umquba omuhle, isilinganiso sokuqala se-C/N kufanele sibe cishe ku-25%, njengoba amagciwane asebenzisa izingxenye ezingu-25 zekhabhoni ingxenye ngayinye ye-nitrogen lapho ebola. Uma iphesenti lingaphezulu kwama-40%, umsebenzi webhayoloji uzokwehla, futhi uma ungaphansi kuka-40%, ukuvundisa kuzokwenzeka ngokushesha kangangokuthi i-nitrogen izolahleka njenge-ammonia.
3) Uma sesiyilaphe impahla, ukwenza umquba kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: esigabeni sokuqala, ama-microorganisms. yizona ezisebenza kakhulu ngoba zinenani elikhulu le-biodegradable material etholakalayo futhi enamaminerali. Kusukela lapho, esigabeni sesibili, ukuvuthwa noma ukuqiniswa komquba kwenzeka, lapho ama-microorganisms anciphisa umsebenzi wawo ngokuba nezinto ezincane ezibolayo, ngaleso sikhathi i-polymerization kanye ne-condensation yensalela kwenzeka.
4) Inqubo, ebonakala iyinkimbinkimbi, akuncikile kithi ngqo, njengoba ama-microbes azosebenza, kodwa kufanele sicabangele ukuqapha izimo lapho kwenzeka khona ukuze ukubola kungaphumeleli futhi inqubo iphumelele.
Umswakama kanye nezinga lokushisa kuyisihluthulelo kule nqubo, futhi ukuze kugcinwe endaweni, kuhle ukusebenzisa umquba, okuvumela amagciwane ukuthi agcine izinsalela zomile futhi zinomoya ngenkathi zenza umsebenzi wazo.
Okuhle ukugcina umswakama ku-50%, kodwa hhayi ukumanzisa izinsalela kakhulu, ukuvimbela amanzi ekususeni umoya-mpilo ezimbotsheni zezinto ezakhiwe. Indlela elula yokwenza lokhu ukunisela inqwaba ye-scrap kahle njalo ngemva kwamasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ngaphandle kokudala ama-puddles. Ukuze umquba owakhelwe ungahlangani, kuyadingeka ukulawula ukungena futhi uphendule inqwaba yezinsalela njalo ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili ukuze kube khona umoya-mpilo owanele.
Kusatshalaliswa kuyo yonke into ebolayo, kuvimbela iphunga elibi futhi kusiza ukubulawa amagciwane komquba njengoba isiza ukuqeda amagciwane ngenkathi isheshisa inqubo yokubola, iyenze ibe exothermic kakhulu. Iseluleko sethu ukuwufaka umoya njalo ezinyangeni ezimbili, ukuguqula okuqukethwe komquba ngosizo lwe-pitchfork noma i-aerator.
Le nqubo isivumela ukuthi sisebenzise kahle isitshalo, sigaye kabusha imikhiqizo ebonakala ingenamsebenzi futhi sithole umquba ocebile nge-organic matter kanye ne-humus, umanyolo wemvelo okahle wokuthuthukisa umsoco emhlabathini wezitshalo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokwenza umquba ngezinsalela zokuthena.