Ukulima, ukugcinwa kanye nokuzala kabusha kwesihlahla esiphakathi

Ipheya ngesinye sezithelo esidliwa kakhulu futhi esaziswa kakhulu abathengi ngoba sinomsoco, simnandi futhi sinamanzi amaningi. Ifunwa kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi, zombili ngophudingi namaswidi neziphuzo zezithelo. Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lokhu okuthunyelwe esihlahleni esikhiqiza ipheya: isihlahla sepheya.

Ngabe ufuna ukwazi konke mayelana nesihlahla sepheya?

Umsuka wesihlahla sepheya

Umuthi wepheya ungowakhe kuhlobo lwePyrus nasemndenini waseRosaceae. Isihlahla sepheya sihlanganyela nomndeni ngesihlahla sama-apula (yingakho ipheya ne-apula zihlala zihlangene). Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezihlahla zamapheya ezaziwayo futhi uhlobo ngalunye lunezici zalo ezikhethekile. Ekuqaleni, umuthi wepheya wavela ezimweni ezipholile zase-Europe nase-Afrika, lapho ukutshalwa kwawo kwasabalala khona ngenxa yokusetshenziswa nokuthengiswa kwezithelo zawo. Njengoba amapheya ayaziwa ngokwengeziwe, efunwa futhi edliwa, imbewu yesihlahla samapheya nayo yathengiswa futhi yasakazeka kakhulu.

Namuhla izinhlobonhlobo zepheya ezaziwayo zingumphumela wezinqubo zokukhetha ezenziwa phakathi izihlahla zamapheya zasendle nezase-Asia. Azisekho lutho ngalolo zihlahla eziphakathi kweYurophu nase-Afrika.

Izici zomuthi wephare

Imithi ejwayelekile yamapheya izihlahla ezinesilinganiso esimaphakathi ezingakhula zibe phakathi kwamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-20 ukuphakama. Ngokuya ngokuhlukahluka abangahamba phakathi kwalobo bude. Isihlahla sepheya sihlahla ukuthi selusabalele umhlaba wonke, noma ikakhulukazi, lezi zihlahla zidinga isimo sezulu esinomswakama futhi esipholile, kepha ngamahlobo afudumele impela. Ngokwemvelo, izindawo ezifanele kakhulu zezihlahla zamapheya yilezo zindawo ezivulekile, lapho umhlabathi unamapayipi amahle.Uma ufuna ukutshala izihlahla zamapheya, kufanele ugweme zonke izindawo ezinezigodi ezivaliwe.

Ngokuqondene nezimpande zesihlahla esiphakathi, zinokhuni futhi zijulile. Isiqu sawo siqonde futhi amagxolo aso anombala onsundu ngokumpunga futhi aqhekeziwe. Umqhele wesihlahla uvame ukuba mude futhi ube mncane ngamaqabunga amise okweqanda ovela ngokunye emagatsheni. Into eyodwa ngamaqabunga ukuthi aluhlaza ohlangothini olungaphezulu kanti ama-petioles awo aphuzi.

Lapho isihlahla samapheya siqhakaza, izimbali zaso zibukeka njengamaqoqo azalwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene ze-eksisi. Imvamisa zinamacembe amhlophe ama-5 kanti izigaxa zazo zinombala onsomi kakhulu. Ilukuluku mayelana nezimbali zepheya yilokho zingama-hermaphrodites.

Isithelo esiphakathi

Ipheya isithelo somuthi wepheya futhi, kanye ne-apula, ngesinye sezithelo ezisetshenziswe kakhulu nezifunwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Zisetshenziswa kwiziphuzo zeziphuzo, amajusi, amaswidi, njll. Ipheya lidume kakhulu futhi laziswa yiwo wonke umuntu. Ziyindilinga ngokuma futhi zinkulu, zinamanzi amaningi futhi ziyinyama. Ngenjwayelo, izinhlobonhlobo ezisetshenziswe kakhulu yizo ezikhiqizayo i-pyrus communis, enye yezinhlobonhlobo ezisakazeke kakhulu zesihlahla sepheya.

Pear ibuye idliwe kabanzi futhi iyaziswa ukunambitheka kwayo okuthambile nezakhiwo zayo zokudla okunempilo. Uma sidla ipheya siyangena futhi singenise emzimbeni wethu amavithamini we-B-B1, B2 ne-niacin eyinkimbinkimbi. Konke lokhu kusisiza ukuthi silawule uhlelo lwezinzwa, kuthuthukise uhlelo lwethu lokugaya ukudla futhi kusisize siqinise imisipha yenhliziyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamavithamini A no-C, ngaphandle kwamaminerali afana ne-calcium, i-phosphorus, i-magnesium, i-potassium ne-copper.

Lapho amapheya ekhiqizwa futhi ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa, into esemqoka ukuwadla njengama-dessert. Kubuye kuthengiswe okusemathinini ngesiraphu noma ngokupheka okulula okusetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-dessert nama-compotes. Zisetshenziswa futhi nakwezinye izinhlobo zoswidi namakhekhe kanti zisetshenziselwa nokwenza ujamu.

Ukhula kanjani umuthi wepheya

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, isihlahla sepheya sihlahla esikhetha isimo sezulu esipholile, esinomswakama futhi esipholile, yize sinamakhaza afudumele. Ngakho-ke, uma sifuna ukuyikhulisa, kufanele sinake izimo ezithile eziyisisekelo. Isihlahla sepheya ngumuthi okwazi ukufinyelela kuwo ukumelana nesithwathwa kuze kufike ku- -20 degrees ngenkathi elele. Kodwa-ke, uma isithwathwa sivela entwasahlobo, ngenkathi isenkathini yokuqhakaza, umuthi wepheya ngeke umelane neqhwa futhi uzofa. Kungakho, ukuze sikhule isihlahla samapheya, kufanele sicabangele ezinye zezimo zemvelo zendawo esizokwenzela khona.

Ngokuqondene nenhlabathi esizokhula kuyo isihlahla samapheya, kufanele ivundiswe kahle, kusuka kumanyolo owenziwe ngenhlanganisela yomquba, i-potassium ne-phosphorus. Umhlabathi olungele kakhulu ukutshala izihlahla zamapheya yilezo ezibumba kakhulu ngoba zinamanzi amaningi. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kubalulekile ekusindeni kwesihlahla esiphakathi, ngakho-ke uma sitshala isihlahla emhlabathini ovulekile o-porosity nokungena kwawo kungekuhle kakhulu, kuzoba nokushoda kwamanzi noma ngabe siwunisela kaningi. Ngenxa yezimpawu zezimpande zayo, kunconywa inhlabathi ejulile ene-pH eyisisekelo ka-6 noma 7.

Uma sesitshalile izihlahla zamapheya, kufanele sinisele cishe amalitha ayi-10 amanzi esitshalweni ngasinye okokuqala ngqa. Ngemuva kwalokho ukunisela kufanele kube njalo kepha kungabi ngokweqile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izihlahla zamapheya Ziyizitshalo ezizwelana kakhulu nesomiso nomswakama owedlulele. Uma isihlahla sike sahlangabezana nokungahambi kahle kwenani lamanzi esinawo ngenkathi sikhula, sizokhiqiza izithelo ezincane kunokujwayelekile.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha nokugcinwa kwezihlahla eziphakathi kwamapheya

Uma sifuna ukukhiqiza kabusha izihlahla eziphakathi kwamapheya kufanele sikwenze ngokuxhunyelela amahlumela okuzodingeka kwenziwe ekwindla. Lokhu kuhlonyelwa kufanele kube neziqu noma ezinye izihlahla zamapheya njengamaphethini ukuze zisebenze kahle futhi zikwazi ukuzala kabusha. Kuyadingeka ukuthi, lapho sihlanganisa, kuhlonishwa ibanga lamamitha amathathu phakathi kwesihlahla ngasinye esitshaliwe ukuze amagatsha angahlaseli isikhala somunye nomunye noma ancintisane ngokweqile ngezinsizakusebenza.

Uma sesifakile ukuxhumelela kwethu kuyadingeka ukumboza isisekelo ngesivalo semvelo ukusiza ukukhula kwaso. Kulezi zinsuku isihlahla samapheya sikhiqiza izitshalo ngale ndlela, ngoba sishesha kakhulu futhi sisebenza kahle kakhulu. Izindlela zokukhiqiza kabusha njengokusika noma ukuhlwanyela imbewu yamapheya yendabuko ayisasetshenziswa.

Manje ake siqhubeke nokuvuna izithelo. Kufanele sicabangele into ebaluleke kakhulu. Amapheya akudingeki ukuthi avuthwe ukuze awakhethe, kepha ukuvuna kwamapheya kufanele kuqale ngokushesha nje lapho ziqala ukushintsha umbala wegobolondo lazo kusuka kokuluhlaza okumnyama ukuya ekukhanyeni. Lapho usufikile, kungenzeka uqale ukukha amapheya. Esinye isibonakaliso sokwazi ukuthi ipheya lingavunwa manje, ukuthatha isithelo, ukusipotoza ngobumnene futhi kancane futhi uma sivela kalula, kungenxa yokuthi sezikulungele ukuvunwa.

Ukuze kugcinwe umuthi wepheya kufanele senze ukuthena okuzodinga ukuhlonipha ukuthenwa kokuqala kwezihlahla ezincane. Lokhu kuthenwa kokuqala kwenziwa lapho ukuphakama kwesihlahla kufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-80. Yilapho-ke lapho kufanele igqame ngendlela evuna ukukhula kwamagatsha amabili amakhulu. Njengoba amagatsha amabili amakhulu ekhula, sizokwenza kumahlumela amagatsha wesibili. Ukuthena kwenziwa futhi kaningi ezihlahleni esevele zineminyaka emithathu noma emi-3 ubudala lapho isivuno sesiphelile. Ngalesi sihlahla sithuthukisa impilo yesitshalo futhi siqinisa nokuqhakaza okulandelayo.

Izinhlobo zamapheya ezaziwa kakhulu eSpain yilezi:

• UBlanquilla
• U-Ercolini
• Isihlahla selamula
• Omuhle uChristian William
• Inkomfa
• Luisa omuhle we-Arranches
• IDini Yezokhetho
• Bartlett

Pear tree impova

Isihlahla sepheya sisuswa impova yizinambuzane impova yokuwela. Ama-pollinator ayadingeka ekukhiqizeni kwawo ngokwemvelo, ngoba awakwazi ukuzimela ngokuphelele. Yize izihlahla zamapheya zinezimbali eziningi kakhulu, izithelo ezizivelisayo ziyahambisana izimbali ezingaphansi kuka-20%. Ngoba impova efanelekile kunazo zonke yileso esiwelekile, kumele sibe nezihlahla zamapharele ezimbili ezihambisanayo. Izinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla eziphakathi kwamapheya zidinga isampuli yesibili ukuze impova kahle.

Izidingo zokutshalwa kwesihlahla sepheya

Njengesifinyezo sibhala izidingo ezidingekayo zokutshalwa kwesihlahla sepheya ngempumelelo enesiqiniseko:

• Isihlahla sepheya sidinga isimo sezulu esipholile, esibalele, esinomswakama, esipholile esingenalo iqhwa entwasahlobo.
• Umhlabathi kufanele ubumbeke futhi unamathamo wokuhambisa amanzi ngendlela efanele. Ingakhula futhi enhlabathini enesihlabathi.
• Ukuxhunyelelwa okuhle kwesihlahla sepheya kunephethini ye-quince, ngoba kuveza izihlahla ezincane ezenza kube lula ukuqoqwa kwazo futhi zenze izimbali zisheshe.
• Ipheya livunwa lapho liguqula umbala kusuka kokumnyama kuya kokukhanyayo okuluhlaza, noma lapho kusontwa kutholakala kalula.

Ngalolu lwazi singafunda kabanzi ngamapheya nezihlahla zamapheya futhi sikwazi ukutshala nezethu izithelo.