Ulethisi ungenye yezitshalo ezisabalele kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, idinga izimo ezithile zokukhula ezingabangela izimo ezivame ukukhiqiza izinambuzane nezifo ezingabulala izitshalo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze izifo ze-lettuce ezingabonwa ngeso lenyama ukubhekana nazo ngokushesha ukugwema izinhlekelele ezinkulu.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi yiziphi izifo eziyinhloko ze-ulethisi, ukuthi ungazibona kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha.
izifo ze-lettuce
Ukubola okumhlophe
Lesi sifo singesinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu ku-ulethisi. Sizobona ukuthi iziphi izici enazo, imuphi umonakalo eliwukhiqizayo nokuthi singawelapha kanjani.
Ingenzeka kunoma yisiphi isimo semifino ye-ulethisi, ngisho nangesikhathi sokufakelwa kabusha. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo kuhlale kuthonywa yizici zezulu kanye nokulinywa: umswakama owedlulele, ukushintsha okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa, inhlabathi ebanda kakhulu ngesikhathi sokutshala, ukungena komoya okwanele kanye namanxeba noma i-necrosis yezicubu zezitshalo.
Imithombo eyinhloko yokudluliselwa kwezifo i-conidia kanye nemfucumfucu yezitshalo, ehlakazwa umoya, imvula, ipulasitiki kanye namaconsi e-condensation emanzini okunisela. Izimo ezivumayo zokuvela kwalesi sifo izinga lokushisa, umswakama ohlobene kanye ne-phenology yesitshalo.
Ibanga eliphelele lomswakama ohlobene likhona 95% kanti izinga lokushisa liphakathi kuka-17ºC no-23ºC.
Nansi izingozi ezibangelwa yilesi sifo:
- Kungathinta izitshalo ezincane esigabeni sezithombo, kubangele ukufa ngokushesha noma kuvimbele ukuvela kwazo.
- Ezitshalweni ezincane, ukuhlasela kuvame ukuqala phansi kwamaqabunga, futhi uma sekuthintekile, amaqabunga awela phansi, evuna ukuthuthukiswa kwezimuncagazi ezibulala isitshalo ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa.
- Ezitshalweni ezivuthiwe, i-foci iqala ku-necrotic noma izicubu ezibuthakathaka ngenxa yokungalingani, ukulimala ngokomzimba, noma ukuhlasela kwamagciwane. Ukusuka lapho, uma izimo zemvelo zivuma, ihlasela izicubu ezintsha.
- Ngezikhathi ezithile, ukutheleleka okuyinhloko kuvela enhlabathini ene-Botrytis sclerotiorum ehambisana neSclerotium. Kulesi simo, ukuhlasela kokuqala kwenzeka endaweni ezungeze intamo yesitshalo, okwenza amaqabunga angaphandle awele phansi ngendlela yokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo kuyathandeka.
- Ukulahlekelwa kwangemva kokuvuna nakho zibalulekile futhi zenzeka ku-ulethisi ogciniwe onesifo esicashile. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokufukamela ezinomswakama ophezulu, ulethisi onempilo lapho uthintana nawo ungangcoliswa.
- Isigaba sokuqala sokutheleleka nge-Sclerotinia sikhula ezicutshini eziseduze nomhlabathi, ngakho-ke sitholakala endaweni lapho ukuhlasela kuqala khona entanyeni yesitshalo. Lezi zingenzeka kuzo zombili izitshalo ezincane nezindala, nakuba izehlakalo zazo zikhulu zisuka enhliziyweni ngenxa ye-microclimate ekhethekile enomswakama ekhula emhlabathini.
- Izitshalo ezithintekile ziyayeka ukukhula, zibe phuzi futhi zibune. Abanikezeli ukumelana uma kuziwa azikhiphe njengoba zizomanzisa, zithambe bese zibolisa igolo lonke kanye nendawo yesisekelo samaqabunga angaphandle.
Ukuvimbela kanye nokwenza ngokumelene nokubola okumhlophe singenza okulandelayo:
- Amafreyimu okutshala abanzi ngezikhathi zobungozi obukhulu.
- Hlikihla onqenqemeni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukungena komoya.
- Izinhlobo zembewu ezimelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zeBremia lactucae ziyasetshenziswa.
- Ukwelashwa kokuvimbela kuqala kusukela kumbhede wembewu kuze kube sekupheleni komjikelezo, ezindaweni ezivame ukugula.
Ezinye Izifo Ze-Lettuce
I-Alternaria
Lapho ukhomba lesi sifo sokukhunta, kuyadingeka ukubheka amabala amancane amnyama emaqabunga e-ulethisi. Njengenjwayelo, iyachuma ezimeni ezinomswakama ophezulu ngakho-ke izinyathelo zokuphepha ngezinye izikhathi zithathwa ngenkathi yemvula.
I-Anthracnose
Ngokuvamile livela emaqabunga amadala kakhulu ngaphambi kokunye, futhi Ivame kakhulu ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi, ama-petioles namaqabunga.
Amachashazi amancane aphuzi ashonile anomphetho obomvu noma ama-necrotic avela kulawa maqabunga. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ndandatho ebomvu idlulela ngaphakathi, ibangele i-necrosis yayo yonke indawo.
Isikhunta se-Powdery
I-Powdery mildew yisifo sesikhunta esaziwayo esihlasela cishe zonke izitshalo. Ivamise ukukhula kuzo zombili iziqongo nangaphansi kwamaqabunga, kanti amaqabunga angaphandle ambozwe nge-mycelium emhlophe futhi abe nokubukeka okuyimpuphu.
Ukubola okumpunga
Lesi sikhunta singavela kunoma yisiphi isimo semifino yesitshalo se-ulethisi. Ngokuvamile kuhlobene nomswakama ophezulu, ngakho ukulawulwa kokunisela kubaluleke kakhulu. I-aeration nayo iyindlela enhle yokuvimbela ukusabalala kwalesi sifo.
Ukuhlasela kuvame ukuqala engxenyeni engezansi ye-ulethisi, nakuba ingase ivele emaqabunga abonisa umonakalo, izinkinga noma izifo zomzimba.
septoria
I-Septoria ikhiqiza amabala ngaphansi kwamaqabunga. Ukuze lesi sikhunta sivele, izitshalo kufanele zibe ezindaweni ezinomswakama ophezulu noma izinkathi zemvula. Kuvela amachashaza amancane amise okwe-chlorotic emaqabunga. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, la mabala aba yi-necrotic futhi akha izindandatho ze-chlorotic eziwazungezile, uphawu lokuqhubeka kwesifo.
i-sclerotin
Lesi sifo sibangela ukubola okumhlophe okubukeka kuthambile emaqabunga e-ulethisi. Ukutheleleka kuqala phansi kwesitshalo futhi kusakazeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lesi sikhunta singahlala enhlabathini iminyaka emi-5, ngakho-ke kunconywa izindlela zokuhlanzeka njengokuchayeka elangeni. Ivamise ukukhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezinomswakama ophezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-25-28ºC, ilanga nemvula, ngakho-ke intwasahlobo ivame ukuchichima.
Amabala amnyama ayindilinga anendilinga eqondile avela emaqabunga. Lezi zindawo ze-necrotic kuqala zivela emaqabunga aphansi esitshalo futhi zisakaze kusukela lapho. Kungaholela ekuqothulweni kwamaqabunga nokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ukuyivimbela, ukuvuthwa kokuqala kufanele kugwenywe futhi umswakama owedlulele wamaqabunga kufanele ugwenywe. I-Acaricides, i-Mancozeb noma i-Zineb ingasetshenziswa. Izinhlelo zokusebenza Kufanele ziphindwe njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-10 noma eziyi-15 ukuze kuqedwe ngokuphelele lesi sifo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezifo ze-ulethisi nezici zazo.