Umuthi womnqumo ngumuthi ohlwanyelwa ngokwesiko ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezishisa kakhulu eYurophu, onesithelo esaziswa kakhulu ngoba sivela uwoyela we umnqumo, yaziswa kakhulu futhi ibaluleke kakhulu ekudleni nasemakhishini aseMedithera.
Kungenzeka ukuthi izifo zomuthi womnqumo zibangele ukuthi isivuno sazo sehliswe kakhulu, noma ngabe yisihlahla somnqumo sendabuko, esinamandla noma esinamandla amakhulu, okuyi engcupheni yempilo yesihlahla lapho ifinyelela ezigabeni zayo ezinzima kakhulu. Yingakho kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngezifo ezinkulu ezithinta umuthi womnqumo nokuthi zelashwa kanjani.
URepilo
Kugqame ukuthi kungenzeka isifo esibi kakhulu ukuthi umuthi womnqumo ungaletha. Sibanga ukwephulwa kwesihlahla ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okuthinta ngqo ukukhiqizwa kwaso futhi kusenze sibe buthakathaka, ngaphezu kokubanga ukulimala emaqabungeni aso, futhi kwezinye izimo, sithinta nezithelo neziqu noma iziqu zazo.
Kulokhu, i ukwelashwa kwefungicidal Imvamisa yibo kuphela abanikeza umphumela osebenzayo wokugcina i-repilo ilawulwa, yize yenza izihlahla ezikhethiwe, isuse amaqabunga agulayo futhi ifake umanyolo ngaphandle kwe-nitrogen, inciphise ubungozi bokutheleleka, ngoba uma kwenzeka ithuthukiswa yilesi sifo ungabi nzima kakhulu.
Ama-gill noma izicubu entanyeni
Yisifo esidalwe yi-Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a amabhaktheriya Imvamisa kuthinta izihlahla ezincane. Ukukugwema, kubalulekile zama ukuthi umnqumo awunawo amanxeba, ngoba lesi sifo ngokuvamile sisakazeka ngale ndlela ngokuvumela amabhaktheriya ukuba athelele futhi ahlasele umuthi womnqumo.
Okuningi izindlela zokwelapha ezisetshenziswa ukulwa naleli gciwane akuvamile ngempumelelo, ukuze into elula kunazo zonke ukuvikela isihlahla ekungenweni yilesi sifo ngokugcina isimo sisesimweni esihle nokugwema noma yikuphi ukulimala okungenzeka.
Lapho isihlahla somnqumo sesivele sinegciwane, kungcono ukusisiphula.
Umuthi womnqumo uyathandaza
Siqukethe isilokazane esivumelana kahle kakhulu nomnqumo, ngoba usidla izizukulwane ezintathu ngonyaka: antóphaga, carpophaga futhi isazi sefilosofi. Kuzo zonke lezi zizukulwane noma izigaba, lesi silokazane sidla amaqabunga, izimbali nezithelo zesihlahla.
Kunemithi ehlukahlukene yokubulala izinambuzane esiza ukugcina ibhu lomnqumo lilawulwa, kepha, umfelandawonye walabo balimi okufanele balwe nama-Prays imvamisa yiwona amazinga okushisa aphezulu ehlobo.
Isihlahla somnqumo i-verticillosis
Kuyisifo esidalwa ukuba khona kwe- ukhunta womhlabathi, enokwelapha okuyinkimbinkimbi ngempela. Kulezi zinsuku, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezingamelana kakhulu kanye / noma isiphunzi ukuze utshale kabusha lezo zindawo zeminqumo ezithathelwanayo.
Amaqabunga amadala kakhulu avame ukukhubazeka futhi athathe ithoni ephuzi abese awe, ngoba yize avela empandeni, leli khowe phambili ngesihlahla ukuyinqanda iye emagatsheni ayo, ibashiye bebuthaka futhi bome. Ukwelashwa kwe-verticillosis kuqukethe ukuqasha ongoti ukwenza i- ukulawulwa kwe-biologicisibonelo: i-biofumigation, okuwukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezintsha, okuthi lapho zibola, zihlasele ama-microorganisms.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezifana ne- i-solarization, ngokuyisisekelo okumayelana nokusebenzisa amapulasitiki ukumboza phansi, nokuyivumela ukuthi ithole izinga lokushisa elithile, ukukhanya nomswakama.
Xyella fastidiosa
Okuqukethe ibhaktheriya elinamandla amakhulu we-pathogenic, idluliselwa ngokwemvelo phakathi kwezitshalo ngenxa yesenzo esenziwa izinambuzane eziningi, ezisebenza njengezithwala lesi sifo, ngakho-ke ukulawulwa kweXylella fastidiosa kuvame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi ngokweqile.
Yize okwamanje kungekho zindlela zokwelapha zangempela zokulwa naleli bhaktheriya, izinhlobo ezithile zomnqumo zase-Itali ziyaziwa ukuxhasa ukutholakala kweXylella Fastidiosa.
Isifo somthofu
Kungenzeka ukuthi isihlahla somnqumo silethe lesi sifo, uma sesinaso amabala aphuzi nansundu anezimo ezingajwayelekile. Lesi akusona isifo esaziwa kakhulu, esivame ukudideka ne-repilo, yize kulokhu umbala ompunga nethoni yesiliva kungabonakala ngemuva kwamaqabunga.
Ukwelashwa kwayo okuyinhloko kuvame ukusetshenziswa kwesikhuntaKodwa-ke, ezinye izinyathelo ezinjengokusetshenziswa komanyolo ngaphandle kokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen, ukuthena okukhethiwe kanye nokuqedwa kwamaqabunga agulayo, akuvumeli ukunciphisa kuphela izehlakalo zesifo somthofu, kepha nobukhulu baso.
Umnqumo onensipho
Kuyisifo esidala ukuvela kwamabala ansundu ayindilinga engxenyeni engezansi yesithelo somnqumo, esidalwa ukutholakala ukhunta owaziwa ngokuthi yiColletotrichum.
La mabala akhipha uketshezi oluwolintshi nolune-gelatin olwenza ukuthi izithelo zibole zize ziwe esihlahleni noma zihlale ziminyene kuso. Kungenzeka ngokufanayo ukuthi kuthinte amagatsha, kubangele ukuthi bome futhi banganiki amahlumela amasha.
Ukwelashwa kwayo kuqukethe ukufaka isicelo izixazululo zethusi sulfate ngokuvikela kuphela lapho kuyindawo enobungozi. Ngokufanayo, kufanele sebenzisa i-cupric sulfates ngesikhathi sekwindla nasebusika, ngoba kulezi zikhathi umswakama namazinga okushisa kuvame ukwanda ekwandeni kwawo.
Kufanele futhi ufeze ukusha nokushanela zalezo zingxenye zomuthi ezawela phansi, ngenhloso yokuvimbela ukhunta ukuthi luhlale lungasebenzi.
Impukane yomnqumo
Kuyaziwa ukuthi kungenye yezinambuzane ukuthi kuthinta okukhulu imvamisa yalolu hlobo lwezihlahla, noma ngabe ziyimithi yomnqumo yendabuko, eqinile kanye / noma enkulu.
Lapho ufaka izindlela zokwelapha, kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zomnqumo zivame ukuzwela kakhulu ekuhlaselweni kwalesi sifo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezicupho kulezi zihlahla Kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokulawula izizukulwane zokuqala zalesi silokazane, ngokufanayo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ukwelashwa ngethusi ikakhulukazi kulezo zindawo lapho umswakama omningi uvame ukuqoqeka khona nalapho ungenawo umoya omncane. Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuthi ungasebenzisi kabi ithusi ngoba ingabulala nezinye izikhunta eziwusizo empilweni yesihlahla somnqumo.