I-Rainfed Agriculture ibhekisela ohlotsheni lwensimu engadingi ukuba umuntu aqhube inqubo yokunisela ngamanzi, esebenzisa amanzi emvula kuphela, esebenzisa ngokugcwele umswakama okhona emhlabathini. Iwuhlobo lwezolimo olwenzeka ezindaweni ezinogwadule lapho isilinganiso semvula ngonyaka singaphansi kwama-500 mm. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulima okunenzuzo kwemvula, ukuhluma kwezitshalo nokukhula kudinga ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo nangempumelelo komswakama womhlabathi. I izihlahla ezinemvula yilezo ezitshalwa kulolu hlobo lwezolimo.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi ngezihlahla ezidla imvula, izici zazo kanye nezibonelo ezithile.
izihlahla ezinemvula
Ngenxa yemvelo yohlelo lwezolimo olunikezwa imvula, lunochungechunge lwezimpawu eziqondile njengoba luphikisana ngokuphelele nezolimo zokunisela:
- Ukulima okunikelwe yimvula kunqunyelwe ezindaweni ezinemvula encane, noma kwenzeka kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, njengamazwe anezinkathi ezine zonyaka.
- Ekusetshenzisweni kokutshala okunemvula, kusetshenziswa i-monoculture, okungukuthi, isitshalo esisodwa siyatshalwa ngesikhathi, futhi izitshalo ziyashintshwa noma zishintshwe njalo eminyakeni emithathu.
- Vundisa umhlabathi, usebenzisa umanyolo ophilayo, etholwe ngenqubo yebhayoloji yokubola okulawulwayo, eyaziwa ngokuthi umquba noma umquba, ukunikeza inhlabathi zonke izakhamzimba ezidingayo ukuze zimunce izitshalo.
- Umthelela emvelweni mncane ngakho-ke uyaqhubeka isikhathi eside. Kudingeka umsebenzi omncane kakhulu.
Izinzuzo zezolimo olunikezwa imvula yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Ukulima okunezimvula okusimeme kwenzeka ngenkathi yezimvula, okuvumela ukutshala izandiso ezinkulu zomhlaba, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umsebenzi omningi ukwenza wonke umsebenzi wokutshala, ukunakekela nokuvuna ipulazi.
- Yandisa ukuvunda komhlabathi, Kuyasiza ukuvikela imvelo futhi konga amanzi amaningi okuphuza.
- Amasimu anemvula ayisebenzisa kangcono indawo ezindaweni ezizungezile engeke ilinywe ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi noma indawo engavamile.
- Uma izimvula ziyindlala ngenxa yesimo sezulu, ezinye izitshalo zingaphila ngoba ezinye izitshalo zikwazi ukumunca umswakama ogcinwe enhlabathini, ngisho nasemijikelezweni yemvula edlule.
Kodwa futhi inobubi obuthile:
- Ukulima okunikelwe yimvula kungathinteka kakhulu yizimo zezulu ezingase zibe khona, njengoba izitshalo zingoma ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi, noma zonakaliswe ngokweqile kwawo.
- Ukushintsha okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa kungesinye isici esiyingozi kwezolimo ezidla imvula ngokwesiko, njengoba ukwanda kokushisa kunciphisa umswakama wenhlabathi futhi amakhaza agcwala umhlabathi.
- Ukukhiqiza kungathinteka yizimo zezulu kanye nezinguquko ezizothinta kakhulu izifunda ezincike kulezi zitshalo.
Ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izilimo ezinenzuzo enkulu emasimini anemvula esimeme, izici ezimbalwa kufanele zibhekwe, njengohlobo lwenhlabathi, ukunwetshwa komhlaba kanye nezinye izici zokukhetha okunenzuzo kakhulu. Phakathi kwezihlahla zezithelo, singakhomba ukuthandwa kwamuva kwe izihlahla ze-alimondi, zomnqumo kanye ne-carob njengezintandokazi. Imifino kanye nemifino kanye nezinhlamvu nazo zigqamile.
Izici zezihlahla ezinemvula
Ukukhethwa kwezihlahla zemvula akuxhomekile kuphela ekomeni kwesimo sezulu, kodwa futhi namazinga okushisa, kunjalo. Wasebenza esifundeni saseMedithera, nasezindaweni ezomile ezipholile nezimo ezishisayo ezintekenteke, ezinye zizalanisa kwezinye kodwa hhayi kwezinye. Umhlaba owomile yilowo lapho kunemvula engaphansi kuka-500 mm. Kodwa futhi kufanele sikuqaphele ukuthi kunezimo zezulu esizithatha njengeziwugwadule ngoba ziyingozi. Ngakho-ke nakuba zingaba ngaphezu kwalokho, eningizimu yeSpain ngo-2016-17 (600mm yemvula), ziyizimo zezulu ezibuthakathaka, ukuzulazula ezinyangeni eziyi-7 nemvula encane noma ingabikho nhlobo, ishube ngezikhathi zasehlobo.
Lezi zihlahla zenza i-photosynthesize kahle futhi zivale i-stomata yazo ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngokuhwamuka. Kufanele futhi ngicabangele ukuthi izithelo zawo zidinga amanzi amancane ukuze zikhule. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izihlahla ezidla imvula zingabekezelela isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwemvula ngaphandle kokulimala.
Izihlahla zezithelo ezikwazi ukumelana nesomiso
Ngaphandle kwezihlahla ezidla imvula, kukhona nezihlahla zezithelo ezikwazi ukubekezelela isomiso. Ake sibheke ezinye zezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu:
UJujube
Izinsuku ziyisihlahla esinomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza izithelo, ezivame ukuvuthwa ngoSeptemba futhi zibukeke njengeminqumo noma ngisho nezinsuku. Uma isisha ngokuphelele, inyama yayo iluhlaza ngokukhanyayo ngombala futhi ifana kakhulu ngokuthungwa kanye nokunambitheka kwe-apula. Ingenziwa futhi yomile noma ku-jam. Kuwumuthi wezithelo wase-Ibero-Afrika. Itshalwa kakhulu esifundeni saseMedithera, kodwa naseNyakatho Afrika.
Arbutus
Isihlahla sama-strawberry yisihlahla esihle sezithelo ezihlala isikhathi eside esihlala endaweni eyomile esizithelo zaso zivuthwa ekwindla. Ukukhula kwawo kuphakathi, noma kunalokho kuhamba kancane. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu salesi sihlahla ukuthi simelana kakhulu nokubanda. Izithelo zawo zincane, amajikijolo ayindilinga, angaba ngu-2 cm kuphela ububanzi. Lezi zithelo ziyadliwa futhi empeleni zimnandi kangangokuthi zingasetshenziswa ngisho nokwenza iziphuzo. Futhi isihlahla esihle kakhulu esisetshenziswa ngokuhlobisa engadini.
ipulamu
Izihlahla zamapulamu ziphakathi kwezihlahla zezithelo ezidla imvula ezikhula kalula. Isuka ePheresiya naseCaucasus, ingafinyelela ubude obungamamitha ayi-6 noma ayi-7. Imelana ngokuphelele nokushisa futhi ilungele izimo zezulu ezingenawo amanzi amaningi. Lezi zici ziyafana namabhilikosi, esinye isihlahla sezithelo esinikezwa imvula esikubekezelela kahle ukuntuleka kwamanzi.
At
Kuyisitshalo esikhuphukayo esiwukhuni. Ikhiqizwe ngezithelo zayo, amagilebhisi newayini, iwumkhiqizo onenani elikhulu lamasiko nezomnotho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithile zeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia.
Amagilebhisi avuthwa ehlobo, futhi uma unikeza izitshalo ukunakekelwa ezikudingayo, uzoba nesivuno esihle. Zama ukuthola cishe amahora angu-6 okukhanya kwelanga ngosuku, futhi ukuvikele ezinambuzaneni nasezifweni (umswakama uvumela ukukhula kwesikhunta). Kufanele futhi igawulwe njalo. Imelana nesomiso kahle, kodwa noma kunjalo, ukuchelela njalo kwalesi sitshalo kunconywa, ikakhulukazi ehlobo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezihlahla ezinemvula kanye nezici zazo.