Izitshalo zinezinhlobo eziningi zokuzala kabusha ngokuya ngendawo nezinhlobo zazo lapho zitholakala khona. Enye yalezi zinhlobo zokukhiqiza kabusha yenziwa izinhlamvu. Kodwa-ke, leli gama lisetshenziswa ezikhathini eziningi ngaphandle kokwazi ngokugcwele ukuthi kusebenza kanjani nezici zalo. Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlamvu ezihlukaniswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene futhi ezinemisebenzi ebalulekile ekusindeni kwezinye izitshalo.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela konke odinga ukukwazi ngezinhlamvu, izici zazo nokubaluleka kwazo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Izinhlamvu ngamaseli okuzala angakhiqiza izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo nesikhunta. Inzuzo enikezwa yilezi zinhlamvu njengendlela yokuzala kabusha ukuthi zingahlukaniswa zilandelana zize zigcine sezakha umuntu omusha. Isici esivelele izinhlamvu ukuthi zingamaseli angadingi noma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lomuntu oluzokwazi ukukhomba futhi agcine esakha isitshalo esisha noma ukhunta. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-asexual.
Ukuze kukhiqizwe futhi kuhlukaniswe, lezi zinhlamvu zisebenzisa izakhiwo ezibizwa nge-sporangia. Siyazi ukuthi emhlabeni wethu akuzona zonke izitshalo ezizala ngokufanayo noma ezinezici ezifanayo. Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza ludlulela kulezo zindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngandlela thile ukuze isitshalo siphile kusukela ngendlela ye azidingi izinambuzane ezithutha impova eziphethe ukudlulisa impova isuka kwesinye isitshalo iye kwesinye.
Zitholakala kuphi izinhlamvu?
Sizohlaziya ezinye zezitshalo ezaziwa kakhulu ezizala ngezinhlamvu. Kumele sikhumbule ukuthi izitshalo ezingezona ezemithambo yegazi yizona ezindala kakhulu. Lezi yizona ezizalanayo ngezinhlamvu. Kuyindlela endala kakhulu etholakala embusweni wezitshalo ukukhiqiza nokukhulisa ububanzi bayo. Phakathi kwezitshalo ezizalanayo ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu esineqembu le- ama-bryophytes . Lapha sinobulembu, ama-liverworts kanye nama-hornworts.
Izitshalo zeBryophyte
Ubulembu buvame ukwakha izembatho eziminyene neziwugqinsi ezimboza indawo yomhlabathi namatshe lapho zikhula khona futhi zilungise ama-rhizoid azo. Njengoba sazi, lezi zitshalo zindala kakhulu futhi azinampande zinjalo, kepha kunezakhiwo ezincane ezisebenza njengezimpande. Zibaluleke impela njengoba zisiza ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Imvamisa lobu buthi bumila ezindaweni ezinomswakama omkhulu wezemvelo futhi badinga lo mswakama ofanayo ukuze baphile. Lokhu kwenza ukuguguleka komhlaba kube kuncane futhi inhlabathi icebile ezintweni eziphilayo.
Ama-liverworts anikezwa leli gama ngoba afana nesibindi somuntu. Yisinye futhi isitshalo, kanye nobulembu, esivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinkulu futhi sikhule ezindaweni ezingenalanga nezinomswakama. Zombili izitshalo zidinga izinga eliphezulu lomswakama wezemvelo ukuze zikwazi ukukhula ezimeni ezinhle. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, izimpethu yizitshalo ezinosayizi omncane kakhulu ezingadluli ukuphakama okungaphezu kwamasentimitha ama-3. Izakhiwo zayo zindala futhi zilula futhi kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa kakhulu zezinhlobo ezingayimela ngoba ziya ngokuya zivama.
Izitshalo zePteridophyte
Kukhona nelinye iqembu lezitshalo ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu. Leli qembu yizitshalo zemithambo futhi libuye lisebenzise le ndlela yokuzala kusukela azinazo izimbali nembewu. Okumelwe kakhulu ngama-pteridophyte kungama-ferns. Zaziwa nangamagama ezitshalo eziphansi zemithambo yegazi ngoba, yize zinezimpande, azithuthuki kangako kunezinye izitshalo eziphakeme njengezitshalo ze-angiosperm nezitshalo ze-gymnosperm.
Izinhlamvu zihlukaniswa kanjani ngokuya ngobunjalo bazo nendawo ezikuyo?
Ama-spores angahlukaniswa ngokomsebenzi wawo, ukwakheka kwawo, umsuka womjikelezo wempilo noma ngokuhamba kwawo:
Ake sihlaziye ukuthi yikuphi ukuhlukaniswa ngokuya ngomsebenzi wabo. Uma sihlaziya isikhunta siyabona ukuthi sinezinhlamvu ezinama-multicellular lokho unodonga olujiyile ngenxa yokuzala kabusha kwe-asexual. Kuyaziwa ngegama le-chlamydospore. Siphinde sibe nengxenye yezocansi eyaziwa ngegama le-zygospora, ekwazi ukwehlukanisa nge-meiosis lapho izimo zemvelo zikulungele ukuhluma.
Izinhlamvu zingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngemvelaphi yazo phakathi nomjikelezo wempilo. I-meiotic spore noma i-meiospore ingumkhiqizo we-meiosis, okusho ukuthi iyi-haploid futhi izokhiqiza amaseli we-haploid noma abantu. Lokhu kuyisici sempilo yezitshalo ne-algae. Ama-Mitospores akhiqizwa yindlela yokuphambuka futhi asatshalaliswa ngokweqile ngenxa ye-mitosis. Iningi lesikhunta likhiqiza izinhlayiya ezifuthayo noma ama-mitoespores.
Ekugcineni, singahlukanisa izinhlamvu ngokuya noma ukuhamba kwazo. Ukunyakaza yikhono lokuhamba ngokuzimela nangokuzenzekelayo. Izinhlamvu ziyahlukana ngokwendlela ezihamba ngayo. Ama-Zoospores angadlula ku-flagella eyodwa noma ngaphezulu futhi angatholakala kolunye ulwelwe nesikhunta. Yize ama-autospores engakwazi ukuhamba, abanamandla okuthuthukisa noma yikuphi ukulimala. Izinhlamvu zikhishwe ngenkuthalo emizimbeni enezithelo (njengesikhunta).
Ulwelwe namagciwane anezinhlamvu
Ulwelwe lungazala kokubili ngokocansi nangokwezocansi. Endabeni yokukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-asexual, basebenzisa izinhlamvu ngenhloso. Ulwelwe olulula kakhulu lusebenzisa izinhlamvu ngenqubo ethwala ukufana okuningi esigabeni sokukhiqiza kabusha kwe-asexual, kusetshenziswa imisinga yolwandle esikhundleni imisinga yomoya yokusabalalisa izinhlamvu zawo kuyo yonke insimu. Ngale ndlela, indawo yokwabiwa kwe-algae ingakhuphuka futhi iqinisekise ukwanda kwendawo.
Ekugcineni, amanye amabhaktheriya anamandla okuzala kabusha ngezinhlamvu. Kulezi zimo, iseli ngalinye livame ukukhiqiza ibala, futhi basebenzisa lokhu kuzala njengendlela yokuphila endaweni engathandeki, kunokuba kube yindlela ejwayelekile yokuzala. Amanye amabhaktheriya angenza isimo se-spore sizivikele kuso ushintsho ekushiseni, ukungabi nokudla namanzi, noma usawoti owedlulele, i-pH, noma imisebe, njll., ngesikhathi esithile. Ezinye zalezi zinhlamvu zihlala isikhathi eside ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ziyakwazi ukusinda ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngezinhlamvu, izici nokusebenza kwazo.