Emkhakheni wezolimo kunezimbewu eziqinisekisiwe ezikhiqizwayo nezimakethwa ukuzivumelanisa nemithetho yamanje. Ngale ndlela, ikhwalithi yayo iqinisekisiwe ngoba ubulukhuni bayo buqinisekisiwe nokuthi inamandla amakhulu wokuhluma. Kunezinhlobonhlobo izinhlobo zikakolweni eSpain ezikhuliswa ngenxa yesivuno kanye nekhwalithi yazo ephezulu.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zikakolweni nezici zawo.
Izinhlobo ezivamile zikakolweni
Izinhlobonhlobo zikakolweni othambile yilezo eziqinisekisa ukukhiqiza okuphezulu ezitshalweni kanye nekhwalithi enhle kuzo zombili amandla aphakathi nendawo kanye nolayini abelulekayo. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi lezi zinhlobonhlobo:
- Izinhlobo ezithambile zentwasahlobo zikakolweni iGalera. Kukhiqiza kakhulu. Imboni kafulawa ezweni lethu ifunwa kakhulu. Ikhwalithi yayo ingcono kunaleyo yezinhlobo eziphakeme kakhulu zikakolweni. Ihlanganisa ikhwalithi nokusebenza okudingekayo ekuvuneni okunenzuzo. Inokuzivumelanisa nezimo okukhulu, iyinhlobonhlobo enamandla kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo, futhi inganikeza ngomkhiqizo ophakeme. Esigodini sase-Ebro, eCastilla La Mancha naseCastilla León, kunconywa ukulinywa okunisela. Inokumelana ngokuqinile nezifo ezinjenge-powdery isikhutha, i-septoria nokugqwala onsundu. Amaphesenti alo amaprotheni ayi-15%.
- Ukolweni ovamile wasentwasahlobo wezinhlobonhlobo zeBadiel. Lolu wuhlobo lukakolweni oniselwayo, olukhiqiza ngaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo zikakolweni. Ukumelana kwayo nokulala kunamandla kakhulu, njengezinhlobonhlobo zeGazul, kuyamelana nezifo ezifana ne-powdery isikhutha ne-septoria. Ukumelana nokugqwala onsundu nokuphuzi kuyinto elinganiselayo. Kulezi zindawo ezivame ukwenzeka, kufanele ziphathwe ngama-fungicides athile. Inamaphesenti aphakathi nendawo wamaprotheni, amandla ayo kafulawa anenani eliphakeme lokumelana futhi ahlinzeka ngofulawa othuthukisiwe onomkhuba wokuqina.
- Izinhlobonhlobo zikakolweni weCalifa Sur. Kuyinto ehlukahlukene kuze kube ngu-13% okhiqiza kakhulu. Inokuzivumelanisa okuhle okuhle enyakatho naseningizimu yeSpain. Amanani amandla aphakeme impela futhi anenani lamaprotheni adlula i-15%. Inikeza ufulawa ozinzile futhi ukolweni othuthukisa i-gluten. Imfushane futhi amandla ayo okutshekisha aphezulu kakhulu.
Izinhlobo zikakolo we-Durum
Izinhlobo zikakolweni we-durum zimi kanje:
- I-Athoris: kuyizinhlobonhlobo eziletha isivuno esikhulu futhi zizinzile impela. Ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa kahle nazo zonke izinhlobo zezwe futhi imelane kakhulu nezinye izifo ezifana ne-septoria ne-rust ephuzi. Ine-trio yekhwalithi ephezulu.
- Umnyovu: Ingenye yezinhlobonhlobo zikakolweni we-durum owaziwa kakhulu ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo okukhulu. Ingesinye sezihlwanyelwe kakhulu ezweni lethu. Futhi ukuthi iveza ukukhula okuhle kwezitshalo kanye nezinga elihle kakhulu lokutshala. Ngenxa yeziphambano zofuzo inokumelana okuhle nezifo kanye nenethiwekhi.
- UKiko Nick: futhi inomkhiqizo omuhle kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezwe. Ine-semolina esezingeni eliphakeme ne-pastera. Inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni futhi ithuthukisa ikhwalithi ye-gluten. Inokumelana okuhle nama-rusts nokulala.
- INoviris: kungenye yezinhlobo zikakolweni ezihlwanyelwe kusenesikhathi kepha ezinekhwalithi ephezulu. It ikakhulukazi itshalwe enyakatho nenhlonhlo futhi iyamelana nezifo. Inokusanhlamvu kwekhwalithi enhle kakhulu ne-gluten enhle kakhulu.
Izinhlobo zezinhlamvu zikakolweni eziqinisekisiwe ezitshalwe eSpain zivame ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu nesimo sezulu, ezinye zimelana kakhulu nezifo. Kepha lokhu kuyinsimu lapho ucwaningo luqhubeka nokuthola izimfanelo ezingcono zekusasa.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Esigabeni, izinhlobo eziyinhloko zikakolo zihlukaniswa ngokuya ngezici ezimbili eziyisisekelo ezilandelayo:
- Ukunikezwa kwezakhi zofuzo: Ukolweni we-Durum (Triticum durum) noma ukolweni ovamile (Triticum aestivum). Ukolweni ojwayelekile wuhlobo lukakolweni olutshalwa kakhulu ngoba lusetshenziselwa ukwenza isinkwa noma ufulawa wokudla. Ukunikezwa kwezakhi zofuzo yi-hexaploid. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukolweni we-durum unesabelo se-tetraploid sofuzo kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni; uvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza i-pasta.
- Umjikelezo wesivuno: Ukolweni wasebusika noma ukolweni wasentwasahlobo. Ukolweni wasebusika uhlwanyelwa ekwindla futhi uvame ukuvunwa ezinyangeni eziyi-8-10 kamuva. Isikhathi sokushisa okuphansi siyadingeka ukuqhakaza ngempumelelo (vernalization). Endabeni kakolweni wasentwasahlobo, ayidingi i-vernalization. Kuhlwanyelwa entwasahlobo bese kuvunwa cishe izinyanga ezingama-4-6 kamuva.
Izifundo nocwaningo
Ukuhlola nokunquma izinhlobo zikakolo ezikhiqiza kakhulu, zahlolwa e-Andalusia, Aragon, Castilla La Mancha, Castilla León, Catalonia, Euskadi, Estrela Madura, Galicia, Madrid nase Navarra. Imiphakathi emine yokuqala inezivivinyo eziningi.
Izivivinyo zihlelwe ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene ze-agroclimatic ukwenza lula ukuhunyushwa kwedatha kucatshangelwa amanani okushisa nezulu endaweni ngayinye. Kumele ukhumbule ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqhathanisa idatha yokuziphatha kwezinhlobo ngokuya ngezifunda zezulu ezahlukahlukene.
Ukuze uhlukanise izinhlobo zikakolweni ngokuya ngamazinga okushisa, uma kususelwa emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nenyanga ka-Ephreli, kusungulwa lezi zigaba ezilandelayo:
- Izindawo ezibandayo, ngaphansi kuka-11 ° C.
- Izindawo ezipholile, phakathi kuka-11 no-15 ° C.
- Izindawo ezifudumele, ngenhla kuka-13 ° C.
Izindawo ezihlukaniswe ngokomthetho wemvula zisungulwe njengezigaba ezilandelayo:
- Izindawo ezinesomiso, lapho imvula yonyaka ilingana noma ingaphansi kwama-500 mm.
- Izindawo ezingaphansi komswakama, ngemvula yaminyaka yonke engaphezu kuka-500 mm kodwa engaphansi kuka-700 mm.
- Izindawo ezinomswakama, ngemvula yaminyaka yonke engaphezu kuka-700 mm.
Kulolu cwaningo, ukolweni ovamile wasebusika uhlolwe ezindaweni ezibandayo eziyi-13 nasezifundeni ezipholile eziyi-12. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukolweni ovamile wasehlobo wawuvivinywa kanye kuphela ezindaweni ezibandayo, kepha izikhathi eziyi-11 ezindaweni ezipholile kanye nezikhathi eziyi-8 ezindaweni ezifudumele. Ukolweni we-Durum uhlolwe ezindaweni ezibandayo ezi-3 ezihlukene, ezi-7 ezifudumele nezingu-6 ezifudumele. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zingakhiqizwa endaweni eyodwa ye-agroclimatic, kepha hhayi kwenye indawo ye-agroclimatic. Konke kuncike ekuzivumelaniseni kwayo nesimo sezulu sesifunda.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngezinhlobonhlobo zikakolweni ezikhona nezici zazo.