Ziyini izitshalo zezinambuzane?

Emahlathini, emahlathini nasehlathini kunezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo. Izihlahla, izihlahlana, imivini, nezimbali ezenza okusemandleni azo ukuthola ukukhanya kwelanga ezikudingayo. Iningi labo alilimazi kakhulu ontanga, ngale komzabalazo wemvelo wokuthola izakhamzimba namanzi enhlabathini; kodwa kukhona abanye abasebenzisa umzamo walezi zitshalo ukuze baphile. Ingabe izingcingo izitshalo zezinambuzane.

Kuningi okungaphezu kwalokho ongakulindela. Eqinisweni, kulinganiselwa ukuthi okungenani kunezinhlobo ezingama-4100 emindenini eyi-19 yama-angiosperm. Kepha, ziyini izici zabo?

Ziyini izitshalo zezinambuzane?

Kuzo izitshalo ezithola ezinye noma zonke izakhi zomzimba ezizidingayo ukuze zikhule kwesinye isitshalo. Zibonakala ngokuba nezimpande eziguquliwe, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-haustorium, engena esitshalweni bese isixhuma ne-xylem yayo (izicubu zezitshalo ezinesibindi eziqhuba ubisi futhi zisekele isitshalo), i-phloem (izicubu ezihamba phambili ezibhekele ukuthuthwa kwezinto eziphilayo izakhamzimba kanye nezinto ezingaphili), noma zombili.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-parasitism:

• Faka isibopho sezinambuzane: yisitshalo esidinga umphathi waso ukuze siphile.
• Amagciwane afundisayo: kuyisitshalo esingaphila ngaphandle kwesiqu saso
• Amagciwane esiqu: yisitshalo esizinamathela esiqwini somphathi.
• Impande yamagciwane: kuyisitshalo esizinamathela empandeni yomsingathi.
• I-Holoparasite: yisitshalo esikhubaza ezinye izitshalo ngoba singenayo i-chlorophyll.
• IHemiparasite: kuyisitshalo ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo esiziphatha njenge-parasite, kepha futhi singakwazi nokuthwebula izithombe ngezinga elithile.

Yikuphi? Izibonelo

Cassythe

Yizitshalo zezinambuzane ezizalelwa e-Australia, kepha zingatholakala nase-Afrika, eningizimu ye-Asia, enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, eMelika Ephakathi, naseJapane. Zineziqu ezincanyana kakhulu, eziphuzi noma eziwolintshi. Njengoba ingenayo i-chlorophyll, isebenzisa umnikazi wayo impilo yonke.

Cuscuta

Ziyizitshalo ezinamagciwane ezidabuka enyakatho-mpumalanga yeYurophu naseningizimu yeNingizimu Melika lokho baneziqu ezondile cishe ezingenamaqabunga, ophuzi, owolintshi noma obomvu ngombala.

IHydnora

Ziyizitshalo ze-holoparasitic ezinezimpande ezivela ezindaweni ezomile zase-Afrika, eSaudi Arabia naseMadagascar. Zikhula ngaphansi komhlaba, kepha kuvela imbali enhlabathini ekhipha iphunga lendle ukuheha impova: amabhungane.

URhinanthus

Ziyizitshalo ze-hemiparasite ezinamandla ezinezimpande ezivela eYurophu nasentshonalanga ye-Asia, okuyi khula ekugundeni izimfunda, amasimu anotshani nezindunduma.

Uke wezwa ngezitshalo ezinamagciwane? Uyabazi abanye?