Amakhowe angamakhowe aziswa kakhulu ngokunambitheka kwawo okuhle nokusebenza okuhlukahlukene lapho enza izitsha eziningi ezinempilo. Iyathandwa futhi ngokuqukethwe kwayo kwamaprotheni kanye namaminerali aphezulu.
Ikhowe liyisikhunta se-heterotrophic, okungukuthi, lithola izakhamzimba zalo enhlabathini ngoba alifaki ifotosynthesize. Njengoba ingenayo i-chlorophyll, ayikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesize. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakhowe nezitsha eziningi ezimnandi ezingalungiswa ngawo. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi ukuthi ungatshala kanjani amakhowe nokuthi yiziphi izitsha ongazenza?
Izinhlobo zamakhowe
Igama layo lesayensi ngu I-Agaricus bisporus futhi kuvela ekuhlukanisweni kwama-basidiomycetes. Ngaphandle kwalokho, inamanye amagama ajwayelekile anjenge paris amakhowe o portobello. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zalezi zinhlobo, ezivame kakhulu yizo I-Agaricus bisporus var. i-albidus, nathi sinayo I-Agaricus bisporus var. avellane kanye nokuthi I-Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus.
Amakhowe ayewusizo kakhulu phakathi nezimpi zomhlaba, ngoba adinga ubumnyama ukuze akhule futhi ngokunembile, ezindaweni zokukhosela kwakukhona ubumnyama obukhulu. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kulula futhi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okunamaminerali namaprotheni kwaduma kakhulu futhi kwasabalala emhlabeni wonke.
Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamakhowe ziyahlukaniswa. Esokuqala sasendle, elizalwa ngokwalo emvelweni. Anemibala emhlophe futhi kwesinye isikhathi anezikali engxenyeni emaphakathi yesigqoko. Singabathola emadlelweni lapho kunebanga elithile lobumnyama noma lomthunzi, futhi badinga nenala yezinto eziphilayo ngesimo somquba. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, sinekhowe elilinyiwe, lokho kuveza isigqoko esimbozwe izikali ezinsundu.
Ngenxa yokunakekelwa okucishe kungabi khona okudingwa yikhowe nendawo encane okudingayo ukuzala kabusha, akuwona umqondo omubi ukwenza isivuno sethu samakhowe engadini yethu yasekhaya.
Likhiqiza kanjani ikhowe?
Amakhowe aseParis o Portobello Luhlobo lwamakhowe olukhiqiza kabusha nge-mycelium. I-mycelium indlela yokudla yesikhunta esakhiwa iqoqo lemicu. Ingxenye evundile yamakhowe ibizwa ngalokho hymenium. I-hymenium yakhiwa ngamacwecwe atholakala engxenyeni engezansi yesigqoko. Iqukethe izinhlamvu okuyothi uma sezitshaliwe, kuvele isikhunta esisha.
Lapho amakhowe eqoqwa ensimini, kusetshenziswa obhasikidi abanamanetha ukuze, njengoba eqoqwa futhi ehamba emigwaqeni, izinsalela zokunamathela zikhishwe bese i-mycelium iqhubeka. Ngale ndlela, i-mycelium isakazeka futhi emhlabathini futhi izosebenzela ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo zakamuva.
Ukulima amakhowe
Lapho sikhulisa amakhowe sidinga ukukwenza ezindaweni ezimnyama, njengemihume, amasela, amasela, njll. Ungasebenzisa futhi amasaka noma amadilowa akhelwe lo msebenzi. Izilinganiso ezifanele zedilowa zingaba yingxenye yemitha ububanzi, ikota yemitha ukuphakama nenye ikota ukujula.
Ukuze siyisebenzise njenge-substrate yamakhowe, sizosebenzisa ingxube esizoyifaka kumadilowa nokuthi sizoyihlela ngezendlalelo. I-substrate izokwakhiwa nge:
- Isendlalelo sokuqala esizobekwa ezansi kwedilowa ukuze sibe izosekela engxenyeni yesithathu yotshani. Ungakhonza futhi ukolweni, ibhali, noma i-oats.
- Isendlalelo sesibili esine- enye ingxenye yesithathu ye-peat exutshwe nothile othile. I-Peat inhlabathi emanzi ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo.
- Isendlalelo sesithathu yiso esimboza okuseleyo futhi ibekwa ngomquba osikiwe kahle. Ngale ndlela, singaguquguqula ukutshalwa kwamakhowe anothe ngezinto eziphilayo kanye nobumnyama ukuze akhule kalula.
Uma sesibeke yonke i-substrate emadoweni, kufanele sibeke i-mycelium bese siyidabula ungqimba lomquba. Umquba esiwusebenzisela amakhowe nawo ungaba umquba wamahhashi. Lapho nje sesisabalalise i-mycelium, sihlanganisa yonke into nge-peat encane namanzi, sigweme umswakama owedlulele. Kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ukuba sezindaweni ezimnyama, izinga lokuhwamuka kwamanzi liphansi kakhulu, ngakho-ke kufanele silawule inani esilinisela kahle. Ukulawula inani esilinisela kahle, kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa ikani lokunisela hhayi ukufafaza.
Sengikhulume ngayo kaningana, kepha akukaze kube buhlungu ukuyikhumbula. Ukukhanya kubulala amakhowe. Uma sifuna ukubakhulisa kufanele kube sendaweni emnyama. Kumele futhi sisebenzise indawo (njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, isela, igumbi elingaphansi, njll.) Elinomswakama omncane. Umswakama kufanele ube cishe ngama-80%. Ukulawula amazinga omswakama wezemvelo singasebenzisa i-hygrometer. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyadingeka futhi ukuthi igumbi noma indawo lapho kutshalwa khona amakhowe kunomoya omuhle. Izinga lokushisa okumele babe kulo alikwazi ukweqa ama-degree angama-30.
Ukuze siqoqe amakhowe kufanele silinde cishe amasonto ayisikhombisa ngemuva kokuthi siwakhulile. Kumele ziqoqwe njalo ezinsukwini ezintathu nangaphambi kwendandatho ikhowe elinayo eduze kwemifantu yesigqoko. Kumele kucatshangwe ukuthi kokubili ukuzilima nokuziqoqa kumele kube semnyameni. Lapho uzisusa, ukuphenduka okukodwa kwesikulufu kufanele kwenziwe futhi nakho kugcinwa ebumnyameni.
Izifo nezinambuzane ezihlasela amakhowe
Amakhowe nawo angahlaselwa izinambuzane nezifo ezithile. Okuvame kakhulu ezinye izibungu, amanye ama-nematode nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwezinambuzane ezivame kakhulu sithola isicabucabu esimhlophe esidala izimbotshana ezingajwayelekile onyaweni nasigqokweni.
Sinawo isifo se-spider blonde okwenzekayo kuvela ezimpandeni zamakhowe. Lezi zinambuzane zingalawulwa ngama-acaricides afana ne-dicofol, i-tetradiphon, i-fenson, i-sulfotep, i-diazinon, njll.
Omiyane Zakha nezinambuzane ezonakalisa i-mycelium ye-fungus. Zingadala izimbotshana nemigudu onyaweni nasekhanda lamakhowe. Ukwelapha lokhu, kufanele kusetshenziswe i-diazinon, malathion, lindane, chlorfenvinphos, njll. Ngaphezu kwe-disinfection enhle ye-substrate.
Ngokuqondene namabhungane, angakhiqiza izimbobo ezincane esigqokweni. Kumele futhi baphathwe nge-lindane ne-malathion.
Inambuzane eyingozi kakhulu engahlasela amakhowe ngama-nematode, ngoba zibhubhisa ngokuphelele i-mycelium ye-fungus. Ukwazi ukuthi isivuno sakho samakhowe sigcwele ama-nematode, ungawabona ngokubheka umquba othatha umbala obomvu futhi uma uwuthinta kunikeza umuzwa wokuthinta isepa esekiwe. Ukuqeda lesi silokazane, i-substrate kufanele ihlanzwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-nematicides kanye nokulawulwa kwezimo zemvelo zesitshalo.
Manje sesiqala ukukhuluma ngezifo ezithinta amakhowe. Okubi kakhulu kulokhu i-gout. Yisifo esibangelwa amagciwane Pseudomonas toolasi Planie. Lapho amakhowe ehlushwa yilolu hlobo lwesifo, wethula amabala aphuzi esigqokweni, abambelele futhi abe ngamaconsi. Ukugwema lolu hlobo lwezinambuzane, ukulungiswa komquba kanye ne-substrate kufanele kuphathwe kahle, ngoba kulapho, ngenxa yokungangeni kahle komoya noma ukuchelela ngokweqile, lesi sifo singenzeka. Ukuze ulwe nayo, kufanele uyinisele nge amanzi lapho uchithe khona amagremu ama-250 we-chloride we-lime ngamalitha ayi-100.
Leli gciwane liphinde lidale nomphumela obizwa ngokuthi yi-mummification. Lokhu kuqukethe uchungechunge lokuvuvukala konyawo lwefungus olwakha ukuvulwa kwezigqoko ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukugwema lokhu, kunconywa njengaphambilini, ngokulawulwa okuphelele komhlaba lapho utshalwe khona.
Futhi amakhowe angahlaselwa isikhunta. Into eyaziwa kakhulu isikhunta I-Verticillium malthoussei. Ukuyibona kufanele ubheke kuphela ukubukeka kokukhubazeka kumakhowe nokubonakala kwesikhunta esimhlophe esiphinki esidala ukubola nephunga elibi kakhulu. Sikugwema ukuvela kwalezi fungi ngokungasebenzisi inhlabathi esetshenziswe ngaphambilini, ukubulala amagciwane ngenhlabathi nge-formaldehyde, umusi, izingxube ze-zineb noma i-mancozeb, ne-benomyl, iprodione, njll.
Izitsha eziyinhloko ezinamakhowe
Uma sikhuluma kancane nge-gastronomy, singasho ukuthi kunezitsha eziningi ezimnandi ezenziwe ngamakhowe. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ukhilimu wamakhowe, amakhowe kagalikhi, amakhowe kusoso, njll. Ngamafuphi, uchungechunge lwezitsha ezidumile futhi ezihlwabusayo esingazipheka. Uma sizitshala eyethu ingadi yamakhowe ekhaya, kuzokwanelisa kakhulu kunokuyithenga esitolo.
Esinye sezitsha sinambitheke kakhulu ngabantu amakhowe agxishiwe. Kuqukethe ukusebenzisa amakhowe, u-anyanisi, inyama ephekiwe, ushizi nokugqoka (usawoti, upelepele, uwoyela, njll.) Nokugcwalisa amakhowe ngezithako. Ukulungisa izithako senza isosi encane ngopelepele omncane, u-anyanisi kanye nenyama ephekiwe. Lapho usoso usungenisiwe kumakhowe, abhakwa isikhashana kuze ushizi uyi-au gratin.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, amakhowe kulula ukuthi womabili akhule futhi apheke futhi aphuma izitsha ezimnandi impela. Kumele sicabangele izinkombandlela ezithile lapho sikhula futhi sizelapha. Ubumnyama nomswakama owanele, hhayi izinga lokushisa eleqile, gwema izinambuzane nezifo ngokunakekela njalo indawo lapho zitshalwe khona bese uzikhetha emasontweni ayisikhombisa ngemuva kokuzilima. Lapho nje sesithole amakhowe ethu futhi siwapheka, kuzokwanelisa kakhulu futhi kube mnandi.