Uma wazi kancane ngezwe lezolimo, ngokuqinisekile uyoke wezwa nge-mycorrhizae kanye ne-trichodermas, kodwa ingabe uyazi ukuthi ziyini? Noma kubukeka njengamanga, Lawa amakhowe amabili aziswa kakhulu abalimi. Baletha izinzuzo eziningi ezitshalweni. Yiqiniso, kufanele wazi ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani futhi nini.
Kungenzeka ukuthi unelukuluku lokwazi okwengeziwe nge-mycorrhizae kanye ne-trichodermas. Kulokhu, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda. Sizochaza ukuthi ziyini ngempela, yiziphi izinzuzo zazo, nokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani futhi nini. Lolu lwazi lungaba usizo kakhulu kubalimi abancane.
Iyini i-mycorrhizae futhi iyini?
Ngaphambi kokuchaza ukuthi zisetshenziswa nini i-mycorrhizae kanye ne-trichodermas, ake siqale sicacise ukuthi ayini, siqale nge-mycorrhizae. Ngokuyisisekelo imayelana ukuhlangana kwe-symbiotic phakathi kwesikhunta mycelium kanye nempande yemifino. Ngale ndlela, bobabili bazokhula ku-symbiosis banikeze izinzuzo ezithile komunye nomunye.
Kodwa kungenzeka kanjani ukuba ukhunta luzuze isitshalo? Nokho, lokhu kunesibopho sokumunca kokubili amanzi nezakhi ezitholakala emhlabeni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ivikela izimpande kwezinye izifo. Ngokuqondene nesitshalo, inikeza ukhunta i-mycelium ngama-amino acid, ushukela nezinye izinto eziyidingayo, ngenxa yenqubo i-photosynthesis. Kamuva sizoxoxa ngokuthi yiziphi izindlela ezengeziwe zombili zokuphila ezizuza ngazo komunye nomunye.
Uma kusabonakala kuyinhlanganisela engavamile kuwe, ngizokunikeza iqiniso eliqinisekisa ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi kwemifino namakhowe: Namuhla, okungenani u-90% wazo zonke izimila zasemhlabeni zine-mycorrhizae. Ngamanye amazwi: Cishe zonke izitshalo zasezweni zihambisana nesikhunta.
Izinhlobo
Uma sikhuluma nge-mycorrhizae, Singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili ngokobudlelwane ezibusungulayo i-hyphae, okuyimicu engabonakali yesikhunta, enamaseli ezimpande zesitshalo. Lawa alandelayo:
- I-Endomycorrhiza: Kulokhu, isikhunta sihlala empandeni yemifino. Okokuqala ikwenza nge-intercellularly bese igcina ingena ngaphakathi kwamaseli ezimpande.
- I-Ectomycorrhiza: Ngokungafani ne-endomycorrhizae, i-hyphae ye-ectomycorrhizae ayingeni ngaphakathi kwezimpande zesitshalo, kodwa esikhundleni salokho ihlasela isimiso sezimpande ngaphandle futhi yenze uhlobo lwesigqoko ezimpandeni ezincane kakhulu.
Ungayisebenzisa kanjani futhi nini i-mycorrhizae?
Siphendula kancane umbuzo wokuthi kufanele sisetshenziswe nini i-mycorrhizae ne-trichodermas, ake siqale sikhulume nge-mycorrhizae. Into etuseka kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka kulokho umjikelezo wesitshalo, ngokushesha ngemva kokufakelwa kabusha ukuze amakhowe azimise kahle. Kufanele sivumele i-mycelium ukuthi izinze ezimpandeni phakathi kwamasonto amabili namane ngaphambi kokufaka eminye imikhiqizo, njenge-trichodermas.
- izitshalo ze-horticultural (hydroponics, izindawo zokugcina izithombo noma ngaphandle): 3kg/ha kusukela osukwini lwesikhombisa ngemva kokutshala.
- Ama-Strawberries namanye amajikijolo: 3kg/ha kusukela osukwini lwamashumi amabili ngemva kokufakelwa.
- izitshalo zezinkuni (umvini, i-olive grove, i-subtropical kanye ne-tropical, izihlahla zezithelo zamatshe nama-pip, i-citrus, njll.) intsha: 2kg/ha.
- Izitshalo zokhuni ezikhiqizwayo: 3kg/ha.
Izinzuzo ekulimeni
Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, kokubili isikhunta nezitshalo ziyazuza komunye nomunye ngobudlelwano be-symbiotic. Ngenkathi i-mycelia ithola ushukela eziwudingayo, izitshalo zizobona ukwanda kwemithombo yezakhi ukuze zikwazi ukukhula nokukhula ngendlela efanele. Noma kunjalo, Lezi akuzona kuphela izinzuzo ezitholwa imifino. Sizokubhala ngezansi:
- Ukumuncwa kangcono kwemisoco namanzi.
- Ukubekezelela okukhulu kwenhlabathi enosawoti kanye nezikhathi zesomiso.
- Ukwanda kokumelana nokuhlaselwa ezinye isikhunta se-pathogenic esidala izifo.
- Ukunothisa umhlabathi.
- Ukukhula kwezitshalo kangcono ngenxa yokukhula kwezimpande ezifanele.
Yiziphi i-trichoderma futhi ziyini?
Manje njengoba sesazi okuthile okwengeziwe nge-mycorrhizae, isikhathi se-trichodermas. Bayini? Zenzelweni? Hhayi-ke, ziwuhlobo lwesikhunta se-anaerobic sohlobo I-Trichoderma spp.. Njenge-mycelia, i-trichodermas nayo ivame kakhulu emhlabathini wezolimo emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, singathola lezi sikhunta emqubeni nasezingodweni eziwile. Ziyakwazi ukwenza izinto ezihlukahlukene kakhulu, eziguquguqukayo futhi zinenzuzo ebukhosini bezitshalo. Banikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezingeni lezolimo, esizoxoxa ngalo kamuva.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi zizuzisa kakhulu izitshalo, akufanele siphambanise i-trichodermas ne-mycorrhizae. Okuwukuphela kwento abafana ngayo ukuthi bayingxenye yombuso wesikhunta. Umehluko omkhulu ohlukanisa zombili izinhlobo ukuthi ama-trichodermas awancikile ezimpandeni zemifino ukuze aphile, kodwa ziyadla ezinye isikhunta esitholakala ku-rhizosphere. Khumbula ukuthi i-mycorrhizae iyasinda ngenxa yenhlanganisela ye-symbiotic eyenzayo nezimpande zezitshalo.
Singakwazi futhi ukuhlukanisa zombili izinhlobo zesikhunta ngomsebenzi eziwenzayo. Endabeni ye-trichoderma, lezi zidlala indima yokuzivikela ngokumelene namanye amagciwane afana namagciwane, isikhunta se-nematode, njll. I-Mycorrhizae, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiza izitshalo ukuba zondle ngokwazo.
Isetshenziswa kanjani futhi nini i-trichoderma?
Uma usebenzisa i-trichodermas, kungcono kakhulu ukukwenza ngokuchelela nangendlela enyakazayo. Lokhu singakwenza ngamapayipi, izisetshenziswa zokuchelela mathupha noma izinhlelo zokunisela zasendaweni. Olunye uhlobo lokufaka isicelo ngokuxuba ne-organic matter, njenge umquba noma i umquba. Ngaphambi kokufaka i-trichoderma, okokuqala kufanele siphuze umkhiqizo oqukethe amanzi imizuzu embalwa bese unyakaza.
Kodwa kufanele sikwenze nini? Lawa makhowe singawagcoba lapho ukufakelwa sekudluliselwe noma emifino etshalwe esitsheni. Into etuseka kakhulu ukukwenza kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala emva kokufakelwa, ngaphambi kokuba kudlule i-15. Mayelana nomthamo, lokhu kuzoncika ohlotsheni kanye namayunithi okwenza ikholoni (CFU). Eminye imikhiqizo evame ukusetshenziswa incoma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilandelayo ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-trichodermas, kubalulekile ukuthi sikukhumbule lokho umhlabathi kufanele ube okungenani u-1% wezinto eziphilayo, kodwa kufanele ube mkhulu kuno-2%. Uma kungenjalo, i-trichodermas izoba nesikhathi esinzima kakhulu sokuqoqa inhlabathi ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla. Uma inhlabathi ingenazo izinto eziphilayo, ivamise ukuba namaminerali amaningi, ngakho-ke azikho isikhunta lapho i-trichodermas ingadla khona.
Izinzuzo ekulimeni
Njenge-mycorrhizae, i-trichodermas nayo iletha izinzuzo eziningi ezitshalweni futhi ngenxa yalokho nasezitshalweni. Phakathi kokugqama kakhulu emkhakheni wezolimo ukusetshenziswa kwayo njenge i-ejenti yokulawula yezinto eziphilayo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesikhunta lukhula futhi luthuthuke ngokushesha futhi lukhiqiza ama-enzyme amaningi e-inducible phambi kwezinye isikhunta ezithinta izitshalo.
Njengoba i-trichoderma ikwazi futhi ukukhula kuma-substrates amaningi ahlukene ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene, kulula kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza ngobuningi ukuze isetshenziswe ezolimo. Lesi sikhunta sinokubekezelela okukhulu kwezimo zemvelo ezimbi kakhulu. Ngalesi sizathu, iyi-ejenti yokulawula enhle kakhulu, ngoba ihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo nesikhunta esibanga izifo ezitshalweni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-trichoderma inamandla okusinda emazingeni aphezulu ezibulala-zinambuzane namanye amakhemikhali. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuyindlela ekahle yamamodeli ezolimo aqinile adinga ukubuyiswa komhlabathi noma ukulungiswa kwe-bioremediation.
Ngaphandle kwazo zonke lezi zinzuzo ezilethwa yi-trichoderma, kukhona okwengeziwe. Okulandelayo sizobhala zonke izinzuzo ezilethwa yilesi sikhunta ezitshalweni:
- Ivuselela ukukhula kwemifino.
- Ivikela imbewu kwezinye isikhunta se-pathogenic.
- Inikeza isivikelo esiqondile ezweni kanye nezwe lezilimo ezihlukahlukene, njengoba yanda emhlabathini.
- Inamandla emithi elwa namagciwane.
- Isebenza njenge-ejenti ye-biodegradation ye-agrochemicals.
- Kungenye indlela esebenzayo yokonga izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nomanyolo wamakhemikhali.
- Ingasetshenziswa kuma-substrates asetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-zeoponic ne-hydroponic.
- Iwuhlelo lwebhayoloji yemfucuza eyiziro, ehlonipha imvelo futhi ayinabungozi kubantu.