Wake waqaphela amakhambi aphuma phakathi kwemicu yomhlabathi? Noma lezo ezikhula eduze kwamathrekhi esitimela? Lezi zitshalo zikhula kahle ezindaweni ebesingakaze sizibheke njengezisebenza njengemifino. Bangama-rudels futhi zikhonjiswa ikakhulukazi ngokwazi kwazo ukukhula ezindaweni ezihlwempu kakhulu noma ezicekelwe phansi ngezitshalo.
Futhi bagqama ngokuhlukahluka kwabo ngokwezindawo zokuhlala. Singathola izinhlobo ezifanayo zezitshalo ezi-ruderal ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni. Uma unesithakazelo kule ndaba futhi ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngale mifino enelukuluku, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunde.
Ziyini izitshalo ezi-ruderal?
Ama-rudels yizitshalo ezijwayelekile zosayizi omncane lokho Zivela ezindaweni eziguqulwe kakhulu ngabantu. Izibonelo zalokhu yimigwaqo, izindawo ezisemadolobheni noma izinkambu zezitshalo ezishiyiwe. Igama "ruderal" livela esiLatini ntombikayise y kusho "imfucumfucu."
Ingxenye yama-ruderales nayo ingahlukaniswa njengotshani bokhula, kanye nokhula nokhula. Lezi yizitshalo ezikhula zasendle endaweni etshalwe futhi ilawulwe ngabantu, njengezinsimu zezitshalo noma izingadi. Zombili izitshalo zasendulo nokhula zinomlingiswa ophawulwe kakhulu we-nitrophilic, okungukuthi, zihlala ezindaweni ezinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-nitrogen.
Ngo-1975, isazi semvelo uJohn Philip Grime wachaza umbono wakhe mayelana namasu okuphila ezitshalo ezingajwayelekile. Ngokusho kwakhe, izitshalo zingahlukaniswa zibe yizinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukene ngokusabela kwabo kuzimo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo:
- Izimbangi (C)
- Ukumelana nokucindezeleka (S)
- I-Ruderales (R)
Ngakho-ke lesi siphakamiso sikaJohn Philip Grime saziwa njengethiyori ye-CSR. Ubudlova obunohlobo oluthile bungabalwa. Yini enye, kuchazwa njengamandla okuchuma ngisho nasezindaweni lapho kukhona ukuphazamiseka okuhlukahlukene okubangelwe ukubhujiswa okuphelele noma okuyingxenye yesitshalo semvelo.
Izici ezi-Ruderal
Ngokwezigaba eziphakanyiswe nguJohn Philip Grime, izitshalo ezi-ruderal zinezici ezilandelayo:
- Usayizi omncane
- Igatsha elincane
- Imijikelezo yokuphila emifushane
- Amandla okuzala aqinile
- Ukukhula okusheshayo
Ngenxa yalokhu, ukwabiwa kwayo ngokwendawo kubanzi kakhulu. Futhi, izitshalo ezijwayelekile ziyimifino yonyaka noma emibili ngonyaka.
Izibonelo zezitshalo ezi-ruderal
Manje njengoba sesazi ukuthi ziyini izitshalo ezijwayelekile, sizophawula ngezibonelo zezinhlobo ezithile zaleli qembu.
I-Amaranthus palmeri
Okokuqala sinayo i- I-Amaranthus palmeri, okuyingxenye yomndeni wakwa-Amaranthaceae. Yisitshalo esikhazimulayo esineziqu ezimile namagatsha anyukayo. Amaqabunga ane-petiole ende futhi ama-spikes awo aqondile. Yize kungowokuzalwa eNyakatho Melika, namuhla singakuthola kulo lonke lelo zwekazi, i-Europe ne-Australia.
Yize imbewu, amaqabunga neziqu zawo kunomsoco kithina, ezilwaneni ezifuywayo kuyisitshalo esinobuthi, ngoba amaqabunga awo aqukethe ama-nitrate. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu ayilinywa neze futhi ibhekwa njengokhula oluyingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu khula lumelela ukwenziwa kukabhontshisi bobabili e-Argentina kanye nokotini eningizimu ye-United States, ngoba kulezo zindawo I-Amaranthus palmeri ithuthukise ukumelana ngempumelelo ne-herbicide glyphosate.
I-Chelidonium majus
Siyaqhubeka nesinye isibonelo sezitshalo ezivamile: I-Chelidonium majus, eyaziwa nangokuthi ukugwinya noma i-celandine enkulu. Le mifino engapheli ye-herbaceous ingeyomndeni we-poppy futhi inamaqabunga ahlukaniswe kakhulu neziqu ezibuthakathaka, ezinamagatsha amakhulu. Izimbali zalo ziphuzi ngenkathi imbewu imnyama futhi incane.
Ngokuqondene nokusetshenziswa kwayo, kuneziningana. I-celandine enkulu inezindawo zokuphulukisa nge-antispasmodic, cholagogue, choleretic, sedative central system ye-nervous, i-lipid-ukwehlisa, i-hypnotic, i-antitussive kanye ne-analgesic imiphumela. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziselwa izimo ze-asthma, i-bronchitis, ukukhwehlela okucasulayo, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ujusi wayo uyimbangela ngakho-ke ukhonjiswa ukuvala amanxeba nokwelapha ummbila, izinsumpa nezicubu. Noma kunjalo, ubuthi bayo buphezulu, ngakho-ke lesi sitshalo akufanele sidliwe sodwa ngaphandle kokusixuba namakhambi amaningi, noma ngobuningi.
I-Datura stramonium
Esinye sezitshalo ezi-ruderal yi I-Datura stramonium noma ukhula lwejimson. Kuyinhlobo ye-angiosperm engohlobo lweDatura kanye nomndeni wakwaSolanaceae. Lesi sitshalo somhlaba wonke sinobuthi futhi ikhula ezindaweni ezifudumele ezinezindawo ezifana nezitebele, osebeni lwemifula, izinqwaba zomquba, izibi zokulahla udoti nezinqwaba zemfucuza. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ivela eMexico. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje singakuthola ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ezipholile emhlabeni jikelele.
La I-Datura stramonium kungumuthi waminyaka yonke onesiqu se-cylindrical kanye ne-branching ebhekwa njengamanga njenge-dichotomous. Ngokuqondene namaqabunga alesi sitshalo, acijile futhi abukhali futhi anezinwele ezilandelanayo ngaphezulu. Amacembe ezimbali zawo ngokuvamile amhlophe anemiphetho ensomi. Esikhundleni salokho, imbewu imnyama. Isithelo sokhula lukaJimson sine-ovoid futhi sinezinwele ezimfishane kakhulu nezinsipho ezingaphezu kwezingama-35.
I-Daucus carota
UDaucus carota, ongowomndeni wama-apiaceae, futhi uyisitshalo esi-ruderal. Impela sonke siyayazi, kepha ngelinye igama: Carrot. Ngaphakathi komndeni wakho ibaluleke kakhulu futhi inokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi ikhule ngobuningi ngezimpande zayo eziwolintshi. Lesi sitshalo esenziwa minyaka yonke sakha i-rosette yamaqabunga ekwindla nasebusika, ngenkathi sakha impande enhle ye-napiform. Inhloso yempande ukugcina ushukela ngobuningi ukuze imifino ikwazi ukuqhakaza ngonyaka olandelayo.
Ngaphandle kokuthi izitshalo ezingajwayelekile zingalimaza impilo, zibe nezinkinga ezitshalweni futhi zingafuneki ezingadini zethu, bayimifino enamakhono okusinda angajwayelekile, kungasaphathwa ukubaluleka abangaba nakho ezingeni lemvelo. Ekugcineni, konke kuxhunywe komunye nomunye futhi kufanele sizame ukugcina ukulingana kwemvelo kwezinto, noma okungenani singaqhubeki nokuphazamisa kukho ngokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo noma ukubhujiswa kwemvelo.