Namuhla sizokhuluma ngohlobo lomuthi wokubulala ukhula odale impikiswano emhlabeni wezemvelo kanye nezolimo. Imayelana ne- Roundup. IMonsanto kwakuyinkampani yamazwe amaningi ekhiqiza ama-agrochemicals kanye ne-biotechnology enzelwe ezolimo. Enye yezimpikiswano ezisemqoka ezisetshenziswa nguMonsanto ukusho ukuthi yayivuna ubuchwepheshe be-biotechnology ukuthi kuzosiza ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula. Kodwa-ke, bekulokhu kuthuthukiswa izitshalo ezingamelana neRoundup isikhathi eside nangaphezulu.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-Roundup herbicide nenkinga efana neMonsanto.
I-Roundup neMonsanto
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, uMonsanto wethule umkhankaso wokukhangisa wokukhuthaza zonke izinzuzo zokudla okuhlukahlukene okuguqulwa ngofuzo. Zonke izinkampani zayo kanye nezinkampani ezingaphansi kwazo zinesigamu samalungelo obunikazi kokudla okungama-36 okusetshenziswelwe izakhi zofuzo. Lokhu kudla kulula ukukutshala ezitshalweni, njengoba kumelana kakhulu nezinambuzane nezifo ezahlukahlukene, ngaphezu kwezimo ezingezinhle zemvelo.
Esinye sezici ezisemqoka uMonsanto asigqamisile njengengxabano yokuvikela ukudla okushintshwe izakhi zofuzo ukuthi zisiza ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokubulala ukhula. Ngale ndlela, bazama ukuqinisekisa umnikelo wenani elikhulu lokudla okulinywa ngendlela engokwemvelo futhi bagweme, hhayi kuphela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kepha futhi nothando olungaba khona kumuntu. Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okukhangisayo emkhankasweni wokukhangisa neqiniso ukuthi inani lemithi yokubulala ukhula ezitshalweni liyakhula. Futhi iMonsanto ingumkhiqizi omkhulu kunayo yonke wamakhemikhali ezolimo futhi isebenzisa ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwalemithi yokubulala ukhula.
El Roundup yakhiwe nge-glyphosate futhi yi-spectrum ebanzi yokubulala ukhula esetshenziselwa ukubulala ukhula ezitshalweni nokwenza ngcono ukukhiqizwa. Kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zonyaka, ama-biannuals kanye nezikhula iminyaka eminingi. Iphinde yasetshenziswa nemiphumela emihle uma kuqhathaniswa nama-sedges, izihlahla ezinokhuni, ukhula olunamakhasi abanzi kanye nezinye izitshalo zokuhweba. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lo muthi wokubulala ukhula usungomunye osetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke ezolimo nakwezinye izindawo.
Isebenza kanjani i-Roundup
Lo mkhiqizo we-herbicide wakhiwe nge-glyphosate futhi ungasetshenziswa emaqabungeni, ujove iziqu neziqu. Ingabuye ifuthwe phezu kweziqu zezihlahla futhi isetshenziswe njenge-herbicide yehlathi. Ibulala izitshalo njengoba iphazamisa ukuhlanganiswa kwama-amino acid ayinhloko. Lezi ama-amino acid yi-tyrosine, phenylalanine ne-tryptophan. Ukuze ungenelele ekuhlanganisweni kwalawa ma-amino acid, kufanele kuvimbele ukusebenza kwe-enzyme 5-enolpyruvilshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Ukukhula kuyama emahoreni ambalwa nje ngemuva kokusebenzisa i-Roundup.
Yize ukukhula kuyeka, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi isenzo saso sihamba kancane futhi imiphumela ingathatha izinsuku. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqabunga ngokuvamile athatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuba aphuzi. Le enzyme ayigcini nje ngokuhlanganiswa yizitshalo kodwa futhi yizinambuzane ezithile. Kodwa-ke, ayihlanganisiwe yizilwane ezincelisayo, ngakho-ke indlela yokusebenza yokuvimbela le enzyme ayithinti izilwane ezincelisayo.
Yize kuzwakala kuyindida, siyazi ukuthi i-glyphosate a yisimiso esisebenzayo ku-Roundup, futhi ngaphandle kwalokhu, iMonsanto yathengwa yiBayer futhi yanelungelo lobunikazi kwamanye amazwe amagciwane wesoya we-transgenic angazweli emzimbeni. Yize iyinkampani edayisa kakhulu lo mbulali wekhambi, ibiphethe ukudala izitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo ezingahambisani nalomuthi wokubulala ukhula.
Ezinye zezitshalo ukuthi okumelana kakhulu neRoundup ummbila, ukotini kanye ne-canola, phakathi kwabanye. Ukusetshenziswa kwalomuthi wokubulala ukhula kwaziwa njengokuphikisana okuvela kumbono wobuthi kanye nowemvelo.
Umthelela wezemvelo
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunesithiyo semvelo ekukhuleni kweRoundup njengomuthi wokubulala ukhula kwezolimo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwaleli herbicide ekulimeni kungabhubhisa amakhambi amabi futhi nesitshalo uqobo. Isixazululo inkampani yabadali esinikezayo ukuthi bahlala bemelana naleli herbicide. Abalimi bangasebenzisa inani elikhulu le-Roundup ngaphandle kokucekela phansi izitshalo zabo. Lokhu kwenza iMonsanto izuze kabili. Okokuqala, uzuza yonke inzuzo ngokuthengisa i-herbicide. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wenza imali eningi ngokuthengisa izitshalo ezingamelani ne-herbicide. Ekugcineni kufana nomhlophe oluma umsila.
Kufanele ukwazi lokho umthelela wezemvelo walezi zibulala-khula uphakeme impela. Ukusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kwamakhemikhali kubonisa izingozi ezinkulu zemvelo nezempilo. Yize lo muthi wokubulala ukhula ungalungile kubantu, izilwane ezifuywayo nezilwane ngokujwayelekile, akwaziwa ukuthi yini ebangela ukuthi imvelo ikhiqize esikhathini esizayo. Siyazi ukuthi ngenqubo yokuqongelela ndawonye, izinhlanganisela ezithile zamakhemikhali zingagcinwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Le nqubo yokuqongelela ingaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu ochungechungeni lokudla.
Ukubuyekezwa okuhlukahlukene kwezindatshana zesayensi kukwazile ukuchaza uchungechunge lwezinkinga zemvelo nezempilo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwale mibulali yokubulala ukhula. Lezi zihloko ziphakamise ukuthi I-Gifosate ingadala ukusabela okwenziwe mammalian nobuthi kufaka phakathi ukuquleka nokuboshwa kokuphefumula. Lokhu kwenzeka futhi kufihlwe kahle emphakathini ngoba okubangela lobu buthi akuyona ingxenye eyinhloko yeRoundup. Ingenye yezakhi nokufakwa okungafakwanga ohlwini futhi okwenza lo muthi wokubulala ukhula usebenze kalula. Phakathi kwalezi zingxenye ze-inert kukhona i-surfactant eyaziwa njenge-POEA. Amanye futhi ama-organic organic ahlobene ne-glyphosate ne-isopropylamine.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, kukhona impikiswano phakathi kwezinkampani ezithengisa ukubulala ukhula kanye nalabo abakhathazekile ngomthelela wezemvelo. Kuyadingeka kuphela ukubona ukuthi kukhona intshisekelo yezomnotho ejwayelekile engaphezulu kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nothando noma ukuthanda okungenzeka kubantu kanye nezitshalo nezilwane zemvelo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-Roundup nezici zayo.