Yize sibona izitshalo zikhula ngendlela ejwayelekile, zinenkinga enkulu okufanele zibhekane nazo njalo. Kufanele bazame ukuthola isikhutha esiningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis futhi bagcine amanzi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuze bathathe isikhutha emkhathini, badinga izitho ezaziwa njenge stomata. Lawa ngamaseli akhethekile atholakala ku-epidermis yezitshalo futhi analo msebenzi.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-stomata nomsebenzi wazo ezitshalweni.
Yini ama-stomata
I-Carbon dioxide itholakala emkhathini kodwa ihlanjululwe kakhulu. Kuphela ngu-0.03% wokuqukethwe komoya emkhathini okuyi-carbon dioxide. Ngakho-ke, badinga izitho ezithile ukuze bakwazi ukumunca lo gesi nokwenza i-photosynthesis. Izitho ezibhekele ukumunca i-carbon dioxide yi-stomata. Lezi stomata azilutho ngaphandle kwama-pores noma ukuvuleka okungalawulwa futhi kutholakale kwizicubu ze-epidermal. Akhiwe ngamaseli akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-occlusive cells.
I-pore eyakha nge-stomata ibizwa ngokuthi i-ostiole. I-ostiolus iphethe ukuxhumana nesitshalo ngomgodi obizwa nge-substomatic chamber. Ezinhlangothini zeseli ngalinye elijwayelekile ngokuvamile kunamaseli amaningi e-epidermal abizwa ngokuthi amaseli angaphansi noma amaseli wokufinyelela. Uma kukhulunywa ngokuvula noma ukuvala i-stomata, ngamaseli akhona awulawulayo.
Kungashiwo ukuthi i-stomata Yilezo ezimele ukuxhumana phakathi kwemvelo nesitshalo. Imvelaphi yale stomata kungenzeka ukuthi yavela lapho izitshalo ziguqula imvelo yazo engxenyeni yasemanzini futhi ziwenza umhlaba ube yikoloni. Indlela yokufaka i-carbon dioxide encibilikiswe emvelweni yaguqulwa. Ukusuka ekungeneni nge-carbon dioxide encibilikiswa emanzini kuze kube yilapho kufanele uyihlunge emoyeni.
Izici eziyinhloko
I-Stomata ikhona ku-epidermis yazo zonke izingxenye zomoya zesitshalo. Lezi zingxenye zasemoyeni zakha amaqabunga, iziqu eziluhlaza, izimbali nezithelo ezikhulayo. Zonke lezi zinto zesitshalo zine-stomata ukuze zikwazi ukushintshanisa i-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide emvelweni. Kukhona ezinye izitshalo ezifana ne- I-Pisum sativum nazo ezine-stomata ezimpandeni.
Kuze kube manje, azikho kulezi zitho ezitholakele ku-algae, isikhunta noma ezinye izitshalo ezinamagciwane ezingenayo i-chlorophyll. Noma kunjalo, bakhona ku- ama-bryophytes, ama-pteridophytes nama-spermatophytes. Ngokuya ngohlobo lweqabunga, imvamisa iba nenani elikhulu le-stomata. Futhi le yingxenye yasemoyeni enenani elikhulu kakhulu lamagesi ongashintshisana ngawo nomoya.
Enye yezinkinga izitshalo ezibhekana nazo ngezikhathi zesomiso noma ehlobo yilezi ukulahleka kwamanzi ngalokhu kushintshaniswa kwegesi. Futhi ukuthi, lapho kuvulwa i-stomata, hhayi kuphela amagesi ashintshaniswa ukusuka ngaphakathi kuya ngaphandle kwesitshalo, kodwa futhi nengxenye yamanzi isitshalo esinayo ngaphakathi ayahwamuka. Ngalesi sizathu, i-photosynthesis kumele iphothulwe ngalezo zikhathi zosuku lapho amazinga okushisa ephansi futhi nenani lokujuluka lincane. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo ziqinisekisa ukulahleka kwamanzi okuncane ngalokhu kushintshaniswa kwegesi.
Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile, kunezitshalo eziningi azenzi i-photosynthesize njengokuqhubekayo phakathi nezikhathi zasehlobo noma ezomile. Benza lokhu ukonga amanzi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi abachithi lutho ngomjuluko. Enye indlela yokusinda nokuzivumelanisa nemvelo ukwenza i-photosynthesis kuphela ekuseni ngovivi lapho bekuntambama. Kuyindlela esiza ukonga amanzi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba ukuvaleka ngalesi sikhathi kuncane.
Ukuthinta inani elincane lemisebe yelanga ku-stomata nobuso besitshalo ngokujwayelekile, kuzoba nokuncipha kokulahleka kwamanzi ngomjuluko.
Izinhlobo zamaqabunga kuya ngendawo ye-stomata
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, amaqabunga ayizingxenye zezitshalo ezine-stomata kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ziyizingxenye, kunezinsuku ezihlelwe ngendlela efanelekile ukuze zikwazi ukushintshanisa la magesi nomoya. Ngokuya ngenani le-stomata nendawo lapho zitholakala khona, kuzobizwa ngokuhlukile.
Lawa ngamagama abawathola ngokuya ngendawo yabo:
- I-Epiestomatics: Lawa amaqabunga ane-stomata kuphela ebusweni obuyingxube noma inqwaba. Lezi zitshalo ngokuvamile zidinga ukutholakala kwelanga okuningi ekupheleni kosuku. Ukuphela kwendlela abangashintshanisa ngayo amagesi nomkhathi futhi bafeze i-photosynthesis.
- I-Hypostomatic: lawowa maqabunga ane-stomata kuphela ku-abaxial noma ngaphansi. Lezi zinhlobo zamaqabunga zivame kakhulu kuzo zonke izihlahla. Futhi ngukuthi, naphezu kwalokho okucatshangwa kakhulu, kungaphansi kwamaqabunga lapho kukhona khona i-stomata okusebenzela ukushintshanisa la magesi nomoya osemkhathini.
- Amphiestomatic: zingamaqabunga ane-stomata ezinhlangothini zombili. Yize zine-stomata ezinhlangothini zombili, zivame ukuba nokuningi ezansi. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngezitshalo zomndeni we-herbaceous.
Kumele kucatshangwe ukuthi, ngokuya ngohlobo lwendawo, indawo yokwabiwa, imvelo, isimo sezulu, inani lemisebe yelanga, imvula, njll. Kuzoba nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zimo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, singabona ukuthi imvamisa noma ukuminyana kwenani le-stomata lesitshalo kungahluka kakhulu kusuka kumashumi ambalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni ngamamilimitha ayisikwele. Leli nani le-stomata nalo lithonywe yi-morphology yamaqabunga nokwakheka kwawo kofuzo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-stomata nomsebenzi wazo ezitshalweni.