Umuntu angadla ukudla okuhlukahlukene kakhulu. Namanje futhi namanje okusanhlamvu kuyisisekelo ekudleni kwethu, ikakhulukazi ukolweni. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo kakhulu, le mifino ingenye yezitshalwa kakhulu eSpain, isendaweni yesibili ngemuva nje kwebhali.
Uma unesithakazelo kule ndaba futhi ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngalokhu okusanhlamvu okunomsoco, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunde. Sizochaza ukuthi uyini ukolweni, yiziphi izici zawo, yiziphi izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwawo, nezinto eziningi.
Yini ukolweni?
Sonke sinombono wokuthi ukolweni ubukeka kanjani. Kodwa yini enye esikwaziyo ngaye? Lesi sitshalo esingahlali isikhathi eside siyingxenye yomndeni wotshani futhi inezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Okutshalwa kakhulu yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi I-Triticum durum y I-Triticum compactum. Ngokuqondene nokusanhlamvu okulinywa kakhulu ukwenza ufulawa nesinkwa, yi I-Triticum aestivum. Kamuva sizophawula ngokuningiliziwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zikakolweni ezikhona.
Le mifino ikhiqiza isethi yezithelo ezihlanganiswe nembewu eyodwa etholakala ku-spike esibulalayo. Ukolweni ungatholakala endle noma kulinywe. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, imvelaphi yalokhu okusanhlamvu kwenzeka empucukweni yaseMesopotamiya yabaseGibhithe. Bathola ukolweni nokusetshenziswa kwawo ukwenza ukudla okuthile.
Ngemuva koguquko lweNeolithic olwenziwe eMpumalanga Eseduze, lokhu okusanhlamvu kwaqala ukutshalwa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba, kwaze kwaba namuhla okunye kokudla okuyisisekelo ekudleni kwethu. Ukudla okuningi kwanamuhla kwenziwa ngokolweni. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi le mifino ihlanganisa phakathi kuka-10% no-20% wamakhalori afakiwe nsuku zonke.
Izici
Manje njengoba sesazi okuncane ngemvelaphi kakolweni, sesizokhuluma ngezici zayo ngokuya ngengxenye yesitshalo. Okokuqala sinezimpande, lokho kungafinyelela imitha noma ngaphezulu ngokujula. Noma kunjalo, iningi lazo lisendaweni engamasentimitha okuqala engama-24 omhlaba. Lezi ziqala ukukhula ngesikhathi se-godson, lapho zisenamagatsha angalungile. Ochwepheshe babheka ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande kuyaqedwa lapho ukufakwa sekuphelile.
Isiqu semifino singenalutho, sengathi ngumhlanga, futhi sinendawo eyisithupha ephelele. Kokubili ukuqina kwayo nokuphakama kwayo kunquma ukumelana nendawo yokuhlala. Mayelana namaqabunga, lawa angama-parallelinervias, ama-wavy futhi ancitshisiwe. Imbali yakhiwe yiziqu ezintathu kanye ne-pistil. Yini enye, Inokuvikelwa okunikezwe ama-bracts amabili aluhlaza noma ama-glumillas. Ngokuqondene nesithelo, yi-caryopsis ene-pericarp efakwe ku-integument yesisu. Ubunzima obukhulu bezinhlamvu benziwa yi-endosperm equkethe izinto ezigciniwe.
Okunye okuphawulekayo ama-inflorescence kakolweni. I-spike eyakhiwe ngesiqu esiphakathi sama-internode amafushane, okuthiwa i-rachis. Ngayinye yalezi zingxenye isendaweni eyisipikha, evikelwe ngamabracts amabili ohlangothini ngalunye. Ama-spikelets anezimbali eziyisishiyagalolunye lilinye. Kodwa-ke, zigcina zikhipha izimbali eziningi, ziye phansi zibe ezimbili kuya kwezine ngokujwayelekile. Ngokuhlukile, ingabamba izimbali ezingafika kweziyisithupha.
Izinhlobo zikakolweni
Njengeminye imifino eminingi, ukolweni, noma I-Triticum, inezinhlobo ezahlukene. Sizoxoxa ngokuvame kakhulu ngezansi.
I-Triticum aestivum noma i-Triticum vulgare
Izinhlobo zikakolweni ezilinywa kakhulu emhlabeni yi I-Triticum aestivumo o I-Triticum vulgare. Phakathi kuka-90% no-95% womkhiqizo womhlaba we-cereal uhambelana nalokhu kuhlukahluka. Imayelana nesikolweni sikakolweni, isinkwa noma okuthambile, njengoba isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ufulawa nesinkwa. Lezi zinhlobo zivame ukutshalwa ezindaweni eziphakeme zama-hemispheres amabili.
I-Triticum monoccum
Eyaziwa nangokuthi ukolweni we-einka otshaliwe noma isipelingi, i- I-Triticum monoccum kuyinhlobonhlobo yakudala kakolweni. Phambilini bekubaluleke kakhulu kepha namuhla sekucishe kwaphela. Kunezitshalo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezikhona zalesi silwane futhi zitholakala ezindaweni ezimbalwa zezintaba zase-Europe. Iqiniso lokwazi: U-zitzi, indoda eyazithola isezintabeni zase-Italy futhi eyayiphila cishe ngonyaka ka-3300 BC. C., yayinembewu ye- I-Triticum monoccum emathunjini.
I-Triticum dicoccum
Elinye lamasondo avame kakhulu ngu I-Triticum dicoccum, noma i-farro. Lokhu okusanhlamvu kwakudala kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokolweni opelwe nesipelingi, yingakho kuvame ukudideka nalezi zinhlobo. Iqukethe i-gluten, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo akulungele labo abanezinkinga ezihlobene nayo.
I-Triticum durum
Ukolweni we-Durum, noma I-Triticum durumKuyaziwa nangokuthi yi-candeal, Sicilian, boastful, semolina noma i-Moorish kakolweni. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-gluten namaprotheni, kungenye yezinhlobo zikakolweni ezinenani eliphakeme lokudla okunempilo. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ziphikisana kakhulu nezifo nesomiso, kodwa zithela kancane ezitshalweni uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo.
I-Triticum spelta
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zikakolweni nazo zibhalwa, igama lazo lesayensi elingu I-Triticum spelta. Enye indlela yokuqamba lezi zinhlobo isipelingi esikhudlwana noma esikhulu. Lokhu okusanhlamvu kungaphila ezimweni ezinzima, ezibandayo nezinomswakama. Ngokuya ngenani lokudla okunempilo, icishe ifane kakhulu nokolweni ojwayelekile. Noma kunjalo, isipelingi siqukethe inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-niacin ne-riboflavin.A
Insimu kakolweni
Njengamanje, isivuno esimelwe kakhulu eSpain ibhali, silandelwe ukolweni. Lesi sakamuva sitshalwa kuyo yonke imiphakathi ezimele yensimu yaseSpain, ngokuhlushwa okuphezulu eCastilla y León, okhiqiza u-40% wawo wonke ukolweni eSpain. Ngemuva kwalokho uCastilla La Mancha ulandela, okucishe kube ngu-22%.
Uma kukhulunywa ngokuthola okusanhlamvu okuhle emasimini kakolweni, ukhiye kokubili ukushisa nemvula. Lezi zinto ezimbili zithatha isinqumo sokuthuthuka okuhle kwesitshalo. Ngokuvamile, le mifino iyamelana nokubanda, ikwazi ukusinda emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-zero degrees. Kodwa-ke, ukuze lezi zitshalo zikhule, zidinga amazinga okushisa okungenani ama-degree ayi-16. Mayelana namanzi nomswakama, azidingi inani elikhulu. Noma kunjalo, inhloso idlula amamilimitha angama-300 kuye kwangama-400.
Ukufakwa komanyolo nakho kunomthelela ekuvunweni kukakolweni. Kuya ngesizini yonyaka lapho ukolweni uhlwanyelwe ngayo, amanani nohlobo lomanyolo luyahlukahluka. Izinhlobonhlobo zikakolweni nesimo sezulu nazo zidlala indima.
Izakhiwo zamagciwane kakolweni
Izici eziphawuleka kakhulu yegciwane likakolweni limi ngokulandelayo:
- Anti-ukuguga futhi antioxidant yemvelo.
- Amaprotheni aphezulu nama-carbohydrate. Lokhu kuletha impilo namandla emisipheni yethu.
- Iphakeme nge-linoleic acid noma uvithamini F. Kuyasiza ukufaka amaprotheni, amafutha kanye noshukela.
- Iqukethe amavithamini B. Ngakho-ke, kubhekwa njengokwelashwa kobuhle bemvelo okuthuthukisa ubungqabavu nempilo yezinwele, isikhumba nezinzipho.
Ngamafuphi, izinzuzo zegciwane likakolweni ziningana sibonga amafutha abalulekile namavithamini aqukethe:
- Ukulawulwa kwe-uric acid.
- Ukusakazwa okuthuthukisiwe.
- Ukulawulwa kwengcindezi yegazi.
- Isiza ukukhula kwemisipha nokuhamba kwamathumbu.
- Ukunciphisa ukukhathala.
- Ukwehliswa kwezinkinga zemizwa ezinjengokuxineka, ukukhathazeka noma ukuqwasha.
- Ukwenza ngcono ukubonakala kwesikhumba, ikakhulukazi esomile.
- Ukwenza ngcono ukuvela kwezinwele.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kukakolweni
Ufulawa utholakala ezinhlamvwini zomhlaba zikakolweni esisebenzisa ukwenza kakhulu isinkwa, kodwa nokunye ukudla okufana namakhukhi, ipasta namakhekhe. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zizonke zikafulawa:
- Uhlobo lwefulawa A: Yifulawa yesinkwa. Inamamaki amathathu esezingeni esewonke, okungaba okujwayelekile noma okujwayelekile, inhlawulo kanye nenhlawulo eyengeziwe.
- Thayipha ufulawa B: Ziyi-semolina futhi azikwazi ukubhakwa. Lezi imvamisa kuyimpuphu esetshenziselwa ukwenza imacaroni ne-pasta.
Ngokusanhlamvu kakolweni asikwazi ukukhiqiza ufulawa kuphela noma ufulawa ophelele kakolweni, kodwa futhi nobhiya, i-semolina nezinye izinhlobo zokudla. Uma sidla lokhu okusanhlamvu njalo, sisiza umzimba wethu ukwenza ukugaya, ngoba kusiza ukufakwa, kuthanda ukwenziwa kokudla futhi kusiza ekuhlanzeni umzimba. Konke lokhu kungenxa yefayibha eliqukethe.
Ekuphetheni, kungashiwo-ke ukuthi ukolweni uyisisekelo ekudleni kwethu. sibonga izinzuzo eziningi ezisilethela zona kanye nenani lazo eliphezulu lokudla okunempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kwayo ngabe ayikho impuphu, futhi ngaphandle kofulawa besingeke sikwazi ukudala amakhekhe amnandi kangaka.