Sivame ukuncoma ukubeka izitshalo ezizogcinwa ekhaya ekamelweni lapho kunokukhanya okuningi; okungukuthi, okunamafasitela ukukhanya kwelanga kungena kalula. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi zonke zidinga ukukhanya ukuze zenze i-photosynthesis, ngakho-ke, zikwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla kwazo futhi zikhule. Kodwa, Kungenzeka yini ukuba nezitshalo ezinempilo ezinokukhanya kokwenziwa?
Impendulo emfushane ithi yebo, ungakwazi.. Manje, kubalulekile ukukhetha ukukhanya okufakelwa izitshalo kahle, ngoba akuzona zonke ezizosebenza. Eqinisweni, ukukhanya okuvela kuma-bulb esivame ukuba nawo ekhaya akukona okwanele ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okuhle. Ukuze senze lokhu, kuzodingeka sithole izibani ezithile noma ama-bulb.
Ikuphi ukukhanya okudingeka izitshalo zikhule?
Izitshalo zaqala ukuvela kwazo eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-400 edlule, olwandle. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ama-algae kuphela, ngaphezu kwama-microorganisms afana namagciwane. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezinye ziqala ukubonakala, njengoba kwenzeka nge- Cooksonia, eyenza i-photosynthesis ngeziqu zayo njengoba amaqabunga ayengakaveli. Kamuva, izitshalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zizokhula, ezifana nobulembu, ama-fern noma ama-cycad. Futhi eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-150 edlule, i- izitshalo zezimbali zakuqala.
Kungani ngikutshela konke lokhu? Ngoba izitshalo zincike ekukhanyeni kwelanga kukho konke: phefumula, i-photosynthesize, khula, uchume, njll. Ngezingxenye zawo ze-photosynthetic, okungukuthi, lezo ezine-chlorophyll, okuwumbala wombala ozinikeza umbala wazo oluhlaza, ziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ama-carbohydrate. Kodwa ukuze uqonde lokhu okwengeziwe, kubalulekile ukwazi okwengeziwe ngemisebe yelanga.
Isithombe – Wikimedia/Horst Frank, Jailbird
Nakuba kungase kubonakale kithi ukuthi kufana kakhulu noma kuncane, iso lomuntu nezitshalo "zibona" umhlaba ngendlela ehlukile. Futhi ukuthi iLanga, nakuba likhipha imisebe ye-ultraviolet, ebonakalayo kanye ne-infrared, abantu babona kuphela okubonakalayo, okungukuthi, lapho ubude begagasi buphakathi kuka-380 no-780nm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siyakwazi ukubona imibala emithathu: eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu nohlaza, kanye nezinhlanganisela zabo eziningi.
Izitshalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nakuba zizwela kumaza wamaza aphakathi kuka-400 no-700nm, zimunca ukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuphela, futhi zibonisa okuluhlaza., yingakho sibabona ngalowo mbala. Kodwa futhi, lesi ngesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani singasebenzisi izibani zendabuko kubo, ngoba lezi zenzelwe thina bantu, ukuze sibone, hhayi izitshalo.
Imisebe ehlukahlukene inamuphi umphumela ezitshalweni?
Kuye ngemisebe etholwe izitshalo, zizosabela ngendlela eyodwa noma enye. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Ukukhula: kuncike emisebeni ye-infrared nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
- Ukuhluma kwembewu: ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nezinga elincane ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet yikona okugqugquzela le nqubo.
- Ukuqhakaza nokuthela: basizwa ukukhanya okubomvu noma okubomvu ukuze baqhakaze futhi bathele izithelo.
- Ukukhula kwezitshalo ezinomthunzi: Ngaphansi kwezimo lapho isilinganiso sokukhanya okubomvu nokubomvu siphezulu, izitshalo ezingalitholi ilanga eliqondile zingakhula.
Ingabe ukukhanya okwenziwayo kungaba usizo ezitshalweni?
Njengoba besilindele ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, ukukhanya okwenziwa ngempela kungaba usizo ezitshalweni. Nokho, Konke kuzoncika ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo kwesibani esishiwo., elinganiswa ngamakhandlela noma i-cd, i-illuminance noma i-lux, noma ukukhanya (cd/m2). Futhi kungenxa yokuthi akubona bonke abanomfutho okhanyayo ofanayo.
Ngokufanayo, kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi kuyathakazelisa nokwazi ukuthi mangaki ama-photon azohlinzekwa. Lokhu kukalwa ngama-micromoles we-photons (mmol), avumela ukuguquguquka noma ukuminyana ukuthi kukalwe. Lesi sakamuva isilinganiso esibalwa kucatshangelwa imitha yesikwele evezwe ekukhanyeni kanye nemizuzwana esiyithathayo ukuyithola. Ngakho-ke, uma ikude, ama-micromoles amancane we-photons azotholwa yisitshalo.
Kulezi zinsuku izibani zokwenziwa zezitshalo sezenziwe zanamuhla kangangokuthi kungenzeka ukuthola izinhlelo zokukhanyisa eziguqulelwe ukuvuselela, isibonelo, ukuhluma kwembewu, ukukhula noma ukuqhakaza.
Ikuphi ukukhanya okwenziwa kahle kwezitshalo?
Uma sicabangela lokho esesikushilo kuze kube manje, ukukhetha ukukhanya okwenziwa izitshalo kuzoncika kakhulu kulokho ebesizama ukukufeza. Ngokwesibonelo*:
- Ukuhluma kwembewu nokukhula kwezithombo: uma etshalwe ezindaweni ezinokukhanya okuncane kwelanga, kufanele uthole izibani ezikhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (35%), obomvu (25%), obomvu kakhulu (25%) nomhlophe (4000K, CRI70, 15%). Kodwa uma kunokukhanya kwemvelo, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (75%) nokubomvu (25%) kuyokwanela.
- Ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo: Uma kungekho ukukhanya kwelanga, ukukhanya okumhlophe (4000K, CRI70, 80%) nokubomvu (20%) kuzohlinzekwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kukhona, ukukhanya okubomvu (90%) nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (5-10%) kuzonikezwa.
- ukukhiqizwa kwezimbali: ukuyithola iqhakaze, uma ikhule ngokukhanya kokwenziwa kuphela, izonikezwa ukukhanya okumhlophe (4000K, CRI70, 60%), okubomvu (20%) nokubomvu kude (20%). Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ithola ukukhanya kwemvelo, ukukhanya okubomvu (60%) nokukhanya okubomvu kakhulu (20%) kuzothuthukiswa; kungase kudingeke futhi ukuyinikeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (20%) ezimeni eziphansi zokukhanya.
- Ukwakhiwa: Uma kungenakukhanya kwelanga, kuzosetshenziswa ukukhanya okumhlophe (4000K, CRI70, 60%), okubomvu (30%) nokubomvu kakhulu (10%). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukukhanya kwemvelo kungena ekamelweni, ukukhanya okumhlophe (4000K, CRI70 20%), okubomvu (70%) nokubomvu okude (10%) kuyokwanela.
*Qaphela: lolu lwazi lutholwe kuphothali ye-SECOM.
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