Kunebacteria ebulalayo evamise ukuthinta izihlahla zezithelo zepome, ikakhulukazi izihlahla zamapheya nama-apula, kanye neminye imifino eminingi yokuhlobisa neyasendle yomndeni waseRosaceae. Lezi zinhlobo zezitshalo zisongelwa kakhulu yisifo esibangelwa yilesi sifo, esibizwa nge-fire blight.
Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngale phytopathology eyingozi yezitshalo eziningi. Sizochaza ukuthi yini ingozi yomlilo esihlahleni sepheya, ukuthi ubangelwa yini amagciwane, yiziphi izilimo ezithintekayo, yiziphi izimpawu zawo nokuthi ungaphathwa kanjani. Ngakho-ke uma ucabanga ukuthi izitshalo zakho zingathinteka noma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngale ndaba, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda.
Kuyini umlilo wamapheya?
Ukulimala komuthi wepheya kuyisifo esibi esingathinti isihlahla samapheya kuphela, kodwa nezinye izitshalo zezithelo. Le phytopathology ibonakala ngokuba nzima ukuyilawula futhi ithelelane kakhulu. Ngalesi sizathu sithathwa njengesifo esingaba yingozi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulimala komlilo kungadala ukufa kulezo zitshalo izinhlobo zazo ezizwela kakhulu, ikakhulukazi isihlahla sepheya. Ngenxa yobunzima balesi sifo, futhi kubangela ukulahleka okukhulu kwezomnotho ngenxa yomonakalo oqondile okudala ezitshalweni.
Ngokuqondene ne ukuhlakazwa komlilo okuvela emithini yamapheya, lokhu kuthandwa yizinto ezine:
- Izinambuzane
- Izinyoni
- Imvula
- Umoya
Yimaphi amabhaktheriya abangela ukulimala komlilo?
Amagciwane abhekene nokulimaza umlilo ezihlahleni eziphakathi kwe-pear abizwa U-Erwinia amylovora. Umsebenzi wawo wanda ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezishisa kakhulu zonyaka: Intwasahlobo nehlobo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngalesi sikhathi, izici zomkhathi ezenzekayo zikulungele ukusakazeka kwazo. Lezi zakhiwa umswakama ongaphezulu kwama-70% kanye namazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-18ºC no-30ºC. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, U-Erwinia amylovora Kudinga umswakama ophakeme ngokwanele kanye nezinga lokushisa elingaba ngu-23ºC ukuze likhule kahle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi nezinyanga ezibandayo kakhulu ezihambelana nokwindla nobusika, leli bhaktheriya elibangela umlilo wegciwane limisa ukusebenza kwalo. Lapho kubanda kakhulu, i- U-Erwinia amylovora isebenzisa isimo esicashile. Kuyo yonke inkathi ebandayo yonyaka, leli gciwane lihlala likhona emaphethelweni wamakhansela akha lapho isikhathi semifino siphela.
Izitshalo ezithintekile
Yize umlilo womlilo uvame ukuthinta izihlahla zamapheya ikakhulukazi, kukhona nezinye izitshalo ezingaphathwa yilesi sifo. Le yimifino engaphathwa yilesi sifo:
- Izitshalo zokuhlobisa nezasendle ezibomvana: I-Cotoneaster, ICrataegus, I-Pyracantha y I-Sorbus, phakathi kwabanye.
- Izihlahla zezithelo zePome: I-Apple, i-quince, i-medlar nepheya.
Izimpawu nomonakalo
Lapho isivuno sesithintekile yisihlava somlilo esihlahleni esiphakathi, Kuzovela uchungechunge lwezimpawu ezizokhombisa ukuthi sinesifo. Lapho isitshalo sithinteka ngamagciwane U-Erwinia amylovora, singabona izimpawu ezilandelayo:
- Izimbali: Ziyabuna, zife, zibe mnyama futhi / noma zibe manzi kakhulu kunokujwayelekile. Kwezinye izikhathi kungahle kube ne-exudate emhlophe ephuzi ezansi kwe-calyx noma ku-peduncle.
- AmaSpredishithi: Bahlushwa i-necrosis eshesha kakhulu eqala ezinzwa ezinkulu noma emngceleni. Yize kuhlale kunamathele egatsheni, ukubukeka abakutholayo kuhlukile, njengoba kubonakala kushile. Uhlobo olufanayo lwe-exudate lungavela njengezimbali.
- Izithelo: Zingaba mnyama noma zishwabane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwabo kungathinteka yize kunamathiselwe egatsheni.
- Isiqu namagatsha: Amathangi omswakama akhiwa anezintambo ezibomvu ngaphakathi.
Ngokufingqa, singasho ukuthi uphawu lokuqala oluzobonakala lapho isitshalo sithinteka ngomlilo esihlahleni sepheya ukuthi kuvela ukuthi imbali noma isithelo esincane esine-necrosis. Njengoba lesi sifo siqhubeka, le necrosis ivela kuso sonke isitshalo.
Ngokuphathelene nejubane nokubonakaliswa kwezimpawu zalesi sifo, kuzoxhomeka kakhulu ezicini ezintathu:
- La ukwamukela nokuzwela kwesitshalo ngasinye.
- La inani lama-bacteria U-Erwinia amylovora okukhona emifino.
- Un Isimo sezulu esihle.
Ukwelapha
Lapho sesithole ukutholakala kwefayela le- U-Erwinia amylovora ezitshalweni zethu, kunezinto eziningi okufanele sizenze ukuzama ukuqeda le nkinga. Ngeshwa, akukho ukwelashwa kokulimala kwepheyal. Okuwukuphela kwendlela esele kithi ukulandela izindlela zokuvimbela. Lokhu kuhloswe ngakho ukuvimbela lesi sifo ukuthi singene noma, uma kunesidingo, sisuse ngokushesha i-foci yokuqala ukuze singakhuli ngokuqhubekayo noma sithelele imifino nezitshalo eziningi.
Sizophawula ngezansi okuyizikhiye zokwenza ifayili le- isu elilungile lokuvimbela ukulwa nokulimala komlilo kwezihlahla zamapheya:
- Akufanele neze sethule izitshalo ezintsha ngaphandle kwemvume, Noma ngabe yiluphi uhlobo noma okokutshala, uma kuvela emazweni noma ezindaweni ezithintwe amagciwane abangela, i U-Erwinia amylovora.
- Kufanele wenze ukuhlolwa kwamasimu ngokuhlelekile ukubheka noma yiziphi izimpawu noma izimpawu ezibangelwa umlilo. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuqhakaza, iziphepho noma isichotho. Lesi sakamuva singadala izilonda emifinini ethanda ukwethulwa kwamagciwane.
- Lapho uthena izitshalo, kumele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuqapha ngokweqile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi hamba ukubulala amagciwane ngamathuluzi asetshenzisiwe, ngoba lokhu kungumthombo onamandla wokuthelelana ngalesi sifo.
- Lapho sithola isitshalo esithintekile ngumlilo, kungcono idabule futhi uyiqede ngokushesha.
- Umanyolo nawo kufanele ulawulwe ukuze gwema amandla amakhulu emifino. Lesi yisici esithanda ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwalesi sifo.
Njengoba sibona, izitshalo nazo zihlushwa izifo nezinambuzane eziyingozi kuzo. Njengoba zingakhombisi ubuhlungu njengathi noma njengezilwane, kumele njalo sinake ukuvela kwezimpawu zomzimba futhi uvimbele noma yikuphi ukugula okungabathinta, njengokulimala kwamapheya. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu kubalimi nezingadi ezincane.