Ekhiqizweni kwezitshalo kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezisuselwa ezimisweni zofuzo. Enye yalezi zindlela ukuxubana. Imayelana nokwenza ngcono izitshalo okusebenzisa imigomo yezakhi zofuzo ukuze ikwazi ukukhiqiza izinhlobo zezitshalo ezinezici ezifiselekayo zezitshalo. Kunezindlela eziningana zokukhiqiza izinhlobo ezintsha nezingcono ezihlobene nokuxubana.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-hybridization, ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani nokuthi kubaluleke ngani.
Kuyini i-hybridization
Luhlobo lokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo olusebenzisa izimiso zofuzo ukuze lukwazi ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezinezici ezifiseleka kakhulu. Phakathi kwalezi zici sinokumelana okukhulu nezifo ezijwayelekile ezikhona ezitshalweni. Izindinganiso ezingcono zokudla okunomsoco, ukunambitheka okumnandi nokuqina okukhulu kanye nokuvunwa okuphezulu nakho kutholakala ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo. Kungashiwo ukuthi uzama ukuthola izitshalo ezinezici ezingcono kakhulu futhi isivuno siphezulu kakhulu.
Ukuze kwenziwe izinqubo zokukhiqiza zezinhlobo ezintsha nezingcono, kunezindlela eziningana: Ukukhetha, ukuxuba kanye nokuxhashazwa kwezinguquko. Kukhona ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene okwenzeka ngokwemvelo nangokuzenzekelayo ezitshalweni nakulezo zici eziphakeme kunezinhlobo ezijwayelekile. Lapho sekuqinisekisiwe ukuthi lezi zinguquko zisebenza kahle, zisetshenziselwa ukwanda.
Ngenxa yemithetho kaMendel, iyaziwa emithethweni yefa futhi ingathuthukiswa nge-hybridization.
Ukubaluleka kokukhethwa kwemvelo
Siyazi ukuthi ukukhetha kwemvelo, noma ngabe isilwane noma isitshalo, akuyona nje inqubo yokuthuthuka kofuzo okwenziwa yimvelo ezizukulwaneni eziningi. Futhi kunezinqubo ezahlukahlukene nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo ezenza ukuthi izitshalo ziguquke futhi ziguquke ukuze ziphile futhi zande. Umgomo wokukhethwa kwemvelo walahlwa nguCharles Darwin ngo-1859 ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kule mbono kuthiwa izidalwa eziphilayo ngenxa yomzabalazo wokuphila nokuphila ziveza ukuguquguquka.
Umzabalazo wezinto eziphilayo okhipha ukusinda kwezinamandla kakhulu. Izenzo eziningi kakhulu yilezo ezinezici ezibenza baphile ngokunethezeka. Lezi zici zidluliselwa enzalweni, ngoba kunamathuba amaningi okusinda. Ngale ndlela, izizukulwane ezilandelayo zithola ukuthuthuka kofuzo ukuze zikwazi ukubhekana nokuphila ezimweni ezinhle kakhulu.
Ngalezi zimiso ukuhlanganiswa kuyatholakala. Kuyinkqubo lapho kukhethwa khona amakhono afanele kakhulu ukuze asebenze kangcono. Lokhu kungukuvunwa okungakanani okuhle kakhulu okunezici ezingcono. Ukwenza i-hybridization Izinhlobo ze-horticultural ezinezici zokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukahlukene ezahlukahlukene zikhethiwe. Lokhu kukhethwa ngokuba nokumelana okukhulu. Lezi zitshalo azibukeki zifana ne-hybrid yesikhathi esizayo ezokhiqizwa futhi emva kwalokho. Umuntu ukwazile ukufinyelela kwinqubo yokwenza ngcono nokukhethwa kwemvelo ngalokho okwaziwa njengokukhethwa kokufakelwa. Kwenziwa umzamo wokuchaza imiphumela ngokuya kwenzuzo yomuntu siqu yomuntu. Lokho wukuthi, ukuthola lezo zitshalo ezinesici esikhudlwana ukuze zikwazi ukuphila ezimweni ezingezinhle.
Ngale ndlela, kulula ukuthola izitshalo eziphikisana kakhulu nezilokazane nezifo, ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi, angakwazi ukumelana nesikhathi eside sesomiso, adinga izakhamzimba ezimbalwa, njll. Ngazo zonke lezi zici, izindleko ziyancipha futhi ukukhiqizwa kuthuthukisiwe. Akutholakali kuphela izinhlobo ezingcono, kepha ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko. Ngokukhiqiza ama-specimens amahle kakhulu adinga izidingo ezimbalwa, izindleko zokulungisa nezokukhiqiza ziyancipha.
Ekukhetheni okufakelwayo, kukhethwa abantu abangabazali abane-phenotype yabo evumelana kakhulu. Ngaphakathi kohlobo olufanayo, kunabantu abethula ukuhlukahluka okubanzi kofuzo okuzuzwe njengefa kubazali babo.
Izindlela zeHybridization
Inqubo yokwenza ngcono ikwazi ukukhetha lezo zilimo ezinomlingiswa ofiseleka kakhulu yizinga eliphakeme kakhulu. Labo abanebanga eliphansi bayalahlwa ukuphinda lo msebenzi izizukulwane ezimbalwa. Ngemuva kwezizukulwane ezimbalwa, okulindelwe ukuthuthuka okufinyelelwayo kufinyelelwa.
I-hybridization iqukethe ukuvundisa abantu ababili abanezakhi zofuzo ezihlukile. Lokho wukuthi, siqala ukuwela izinhlobo ezimbili noma izinhlobo ezahlukene ukuze sikwazi ukuzala enzalweni. Ezinye zezinhlamvu zabazali ofuna ukuzizuza yilezo eziphenywayo. Ezinye izici ezingafuneki zitholakala ekuhlanganisweni kwezici ezijwayelekile zabazali. Ngakho-ke, lapho kwenziwa inqubo yokuqothula impahla, kuyadingeka ukwenza ezinye izinqubo zokukhetha zokufakelwa. Le nqubo yokukhetha yokufakelwa iyaphindaphindwa ezizukulwaneni eziningana ukuze kuqedwe zonke izitshalo ezinezici ezingathandeki ekukhiqizeni nalezo okuvelele kuzo kuphela izinhlamvu ezifunwayo.
Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, nzalo yilawo anamandla amakhulu kunabazali. Isimo se-hybridization sisetshenzisiwe ekukhiqizeni okukhulu, ikakhulukazi ekutshalweni kwamabele. Futhi ibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho ezitshalweni ezifana nommbila, yize ibuye ibonakale nakwezinye izitshalo zokuhlobisa kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zemifino.
Ukuthola izinhlobo zezitshalo
Lapho unesivuno se-hybrid esinezinhlamvu ezifiswa ukwandisa ukusebenza, zivame ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngezindlela ze-asexual. Uma sizala izitshalo ngendlela yocansi, sizobe sikuqinisekisa lokho amasiko amadodakazi esizukulwane esilandelayo ayafana nabazali. Uma senza iziphambano ngokuzala kabusha ngokobulili, sizobe sibeka engcupheni ukuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo asinabo abalingiswa abafiselekayo abafanayo futhi abanye abalingiswa abangathandeki bayethulwa.
Ukubuyela emuva emuva kuyindlela ye-hybridization evumela ukungeza kokuhlukahlukene okuvele kukhona nokufiswayo isici esiwusizo esivela komunye wabazali. Ngokuvamile kuyindlela esetshenziswa kabanzi yezinhlobo ezilinywa ngohlamvu lokumelana nezifo zefungal kanye nezinambuzane.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-hybridization nezici zayo.