Namuhla sizokhuluma ngohlobo lwesinambuzane esithinta ngqo isihlahla se-chestnut. Imayelana ne- umnyovu we-chestnut. Igama layo lesayensi ngu UDryocosmus kuriphilus. Yisinambuzane esine-cinipede esivela eChina futhi sitholakale okokuqala eSpain ngo-2012. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sesisabalele cishe kuyo yonke indawo yaseSpain. Luhlobo lwesinambuzane esiyingozi kakhulu kulezi zihlahla.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici, umjikelezo wempilo kanye nokwelashwa komnyovu we-chestnut.
Izici eziyinhloko
Luhlobo lwesinambuzane esikhuliswa ngabantu abadala ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho bezalela khona amaqanda abo ezikhunjeni zama-axils amaqabunga. Abantu abadala bangabantu besifazane be-parthenogenic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi azidingi ukuvundiswa ukuze zikwazi ukubeka amaqanda. Ngamunye wabo iyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angama-150. Leli khono labesifazane lenza isitshalo sikhule ngokushesha okukhulu.
Phakathi kwezici intsha enazo ukuthi zihlala zisesimweni sezibungu kuze kube yisikhathi sokuvelela onyakeni olandelayo. Kulapha lapho ubuthi buqala ukukhuphuka khona kanye namahlumela amagatsha aqala ukuhluma. Lokhu kulapho izibungu ziphuma ekulaleni ukuze zondle eziqiwini zomsoco wesihlahla. Inkinga ngalolu hlobo lokondla ukuthi zidala uhlobo lwama-galls abangela ukuncipha kobuso beqabunga obukwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesize kuze kufike kuhhafu. Le nkinga yokuhlasela isihlahla se-chestnut ayiyivumeli ukuthi iqhube kahle i-photosynthesis.
Ukulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokumelene nomnyovu we-chestnut
Njengoba sibonile, luhlobo lwesinambuzane okunzima ukusilawula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amakhambi ahlukahlukene kufanele ahlelwe. Kuze kube manje, okuwukuphela kwempi ephumelelayo yileyo ephilayo ngokukhulula olunye uhlobo lwesinambuzane esinezinambuzane. Imayelana nesinambuzane UTorymus sinensis. Indlela yokuyilawula iza ngoba ifaka amaqanda ayo ezinyukeni futhi zidla izibungu zomnyovu we-chestnut. Lesi sixazululo sifaka phakathi ukutholakala kokukhishwa okukhulu kwabantu abadala ngenkathi yokufufusa. Kudingeka okungaphezulu noma okungaphansi kweminyaka engu-6 nengu-8 yokusebenza kulawo macala okutheleleka okuningi ukuze akwazi ukufinyelela kubhalansi yabantu.
Lokhu kungalindelwa ngoba kungukulawulwa kwemvelo konke ngaphandle kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Ngesikhathi inani lalezi zinambuzane lifinyelela ukulingana, ukukhululwa kwabantu abasha akusadingeki. Imiphumela yesilokazane iyeka ukusebenza ngokuthinta ukukhiqizwa. Isibonelo salezi zilawuli zabantu siseGalicia. Ukukhishwa kokuhlola kwalesi sinambuzane esinezinambuzane kwaqala ngo-2015. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, indawo yokuqala ibhekwa njengonyaka wezi-2018, ngoba bekungunyaka abaqale ngawo ukukhipha inqwaba.
Muva nje eSpain kuvunyelwe ukukhishwa kwabakhiqizi abahlukahlukene, kunezinkampani ezifika kwezine eSpain ezigunyazwe ukuhweba ngezinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane. Ngakho-ke, ngokukwazi ukuyithengisa, kusho ukuthi ukukhishwa kungenziwa ezingeni elithile.
Khipha imiphumela
Imininingwane enhle ingatholwa kumiphumela yokukhishwa. Ukukhishwa kubhekelwe futhi kwenziwa ucwaningo oluningi lwensimu. Baqoqwa futhiPhakathi kwama-gill ama-5 no-10 wamaphuzu we-4.400 ne-Torymus atholakale kuma-53 awo. Lapha kwatholakala abantu abangu-146. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwezinambuzane ezibizwa ngama-parasitoid kuvela kumnyovu we-chestnut kunenani lempumelelo elingu-3% ngonyaka wokuqala. Bekungunyaka wokuqala wokukhishwa kwabantu abaningi, okuwumphumela onethemba impela. Ukukhula okubonakalayo kwalesi sinambuzane esine-parasitoid kulindeleke eminyakeni ezayo ukuthi kusiza kangcono ukulawula inani labantu bomswakama we-chestnut.
Cishe cishe yonke insimu yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia inezindawo ezikhiqiza ama-chestnut. Kulezi zindawo kunezihlahla ze-chestnut ezithintekayo futhi ukukhishwa kwale parasitoid kuyenziwa kakhulu kuzo zonke izifunda ezishiwo.
Izinhlobo ezingamelana nomnyovu we-chestnut
Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezingamelana nomnyovu we-chestnut. Phakathi kwezangaphambili sithola izinhlobo ezibekezelela kakhulu njenge-Negral, inhlobonhlobo ene-longuistaminated, esetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-pollinator, noma i-Longal, enye yezinhlobo ezifunwa kakhulu embonini yokucubungula. Kusuka phakathi kwe- ukubekezelelana okungatheni sithola izinhlobo zeDe Parede noma iVentura phakathi kwezinye. Akukho neyodwa kulezi zinhlobo zendabuko eye yakwazi ukukhombisa ukumelana ngokuphelele nalesi sinambuzane.
Ngakho-ke, eminye imihlahlandlela yesenzo isungulwe ngokumelene nalesi sinambuzane. Ake sibone ukuthi yimaphi amaphuzu esenzo aphambili:
- Awudingi ukususa amathumbu. Kungenzeka ukuthi ama-galls adalwe ngumnyovu we-chestnut kungenzeka ukuthi asevele ehlala ngaphakathi kwe-parasitoid. Ngakho-ke, singalimaza lolu hlobo lwempi yezinto eziphilayo. Kumele sikhumbule ukuthi iTorymus ihlala emigqonyeni eyomisiwe kuze kube yilapho ivela entwasahlobo elandelayo. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi akufanele zisuswe ngesikhathi sokuthena ebusika. Kunoma ikuphi, amagatsha asikiwe angashiywa esakhiweni ukuze izibungu ze-parasitoid zisinde.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane akucebisi. Sekuphothuliwe ukuthi izinambuzane azinawo umthelela ekulweni nalesi sinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingathinta i-parasitoid.
- Nisela futhi uvundise ngesikhathi sasehlobo kuyindlela enhle yokufeza ukukhula kwangemva kokundiza komnyovu we-chestnut. Kulezi ziqubu zingahluma zingenaso isifo ngonyaka olandelayo sibonga le mikhuba.
- Endabeni yokususa, kunconywa ukuthi ungazenzi ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iTorymus idla impova kanye nompe futhi ingasebenzisa zonke izimila njengendawo yokukhosela. Uma sifuna ukuthi i-parasitoid ikwazi ukukhula ezimeni ezinhle futhi ilwe nalesi silokazane, kungcono ukugwema ukusula ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nomnyovu we-chestnut nokuthi ungalwa kanjani nawo.