Utamatisi uyimifino eyigugu emhlabeni wonke kangangokuthi namuhla kunezinkulungwane zezinhlobonhlobo zemibala ehlukene, ukwakheka nobukhulu. Kunezinhlobo zikatamatisi ezivumelana nezimo zezulu zawo wonke amagumbi aseSpain. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zakho konke ukunambitheka nezidingo. Kuyiqoqo langempela elinokusetshenziswa okuhlukile kwezimfanelo ezihlukene: utamatisi wamasaladi, utamatisi wokugxusha, utamatisi okhethekile wokulondoloza, utamatisi othosiwe, utamatisi we-gazpacho, njll. Enye yezinhlobo ezigqama kakhulu yi- utamatisi we-moor.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ngezici nokutshalwa kotamatisi wamaMoor.
utamatisi we-moor
Utamatisi wamaMoor uyisimangaliso sangempela. Itshalwa ezindaweni eziningi zaseSpain, nakuba Utamatisi ovela e-Aranjuez nase-Las Pedroñeras aziwa kakhulu. Siphinde sithole utamatisi imvukuzane ye-limestone, evamile e-Huete. Iwuhlobo olumnandi olunenani elifanele le-asidi nenyama enamanzi. Isikhumba sayo sincane futhi siqinile, futhi kunezinhlamvu ezimbalwa. Inokunambitheka okuqinile nephunga elimnandi.
UHernán Cortés waletha utamatisi ovela eMelika ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Utamatisi wathatha okungenani iminyaka engamakhulu amabili ukungena kuma-pantries aseYurophu futhi usakaze njengesitshalo. Kusukela utamatisi wafika eSpain, abalimi bendawo baye bakhetha izitshalo ezingcono kakhulu zivumelana nezimo zendawo zenhlabathi, amanzi kanye nezinga lokushisa. Thola ukunambitheka okungcono kakhulu ngale ndlela.
Ukutshala utamatisi wamaMoor
Ukushisa
Isitshalo sikatamatisi samaMoor siyisitshalo esivumelana kahle nezimo zezulu ezihlukahlukene. Okuhlukile isimo sezulu esithandwa yiqhwa, lapho utamatisi ezwela khona. Eqinisweni, ngokuya ngokukhula kwezitshalo kukatamatisi, kudinga isikhathi esingenaqhwa sezinsuku eziyi-110 ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yisivuno.
Ekulimeni utamatisi, izinga lokushisa elilungile liboniswa esithombeni esilandelayo:
- Izinga lokushisa ebusuku: 15-18ºC
- Emini 24-25ºC
- Izinga lokushisa elikahle lokuqhakaza: 21 ºC
- Izinga lokushisa elifanele lokukhula kwezitshalo: 22-23 ºC
- Ukuyeka ukukhula kwezitshalo: 12 ºC
- Amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-7ºC awazuzisi.
Njengoba ubona, idinga ukukhula ebangeni lokushisa eliphezulu, elingaphezu kuka-20ºC. Uma ubheka itafula le-FAO mayelana namazinga okushisa angalungile kanye nesithwathwa, uzothola ukuthi utamatisi ungomunye wemifino ehlaselwa kakhulu amakhaza (isibonelo, upelepele, amazambane, ulethisi, njll.). Izinga layo lokuqanda licishe libe ngu-0,5 ºC.
umswakama nomhlabathi
Mayelana nomswakama wokutshala utamatisi, izitshalo zikatamatisi zidinga umswakama ophakathi, ungabi ngaphezu kwama-70%. Uma sidlula lezi zindinganiso, ukukhula kwesikhunta kuyathandwa.
Utamatisi wamaMoor awufuni kakhulu emhlabathini. Ithanda inhlabathi ejulile, ekhanyiswe kahle. Izimpande azijulile futhi ukujwayelana nenhlabathi empofu kungcono. Sinamathela ezicini zokudonsa amanzi, ngoba ukuchelela ngokweqile, inhlabathi ayikwazi ukumunca amanzi ngokushesha, kungabangela ukugcwala kwamanzi, ukubola kwezimpande, okuholela ekuthuthukiseni izifo.
I-pH ekahle yokulinywa kukatamatisi iseduze nokungathathi hlangothi (7), okumele kulungiswe ngokuchitshiyelwa esimweni senhlabathi ene-asidi noma ene-alkaline. Lokhu kulungiswa kufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi esifanayo nokulungiswa kwenhlabathi, hhayi ngokutshala izitshalo zikatamatisi emhlabathini. Mayelana nokuqukethwe kwe-organic matter, Iphesenti elincane lomhlabathi lilinganiselwa ku-1,5-2%. Uma amazinga ephansi, cabanga ukwengeza izinto eziphilayo noma umquba.
Ngaphambi kokulima ukuhlwanyela utamatisi wamaMoor
Omunye umsebenzi ojulile udinga ukwenziwa futhi obhalisile ongemuva esimshilo ekuqaleni udinga ukusetshenziswa lapho. akunconyiwe I-nitrogen njengomanyolo oyisisekelo wokutshala utamatisi. Kunconywa kuphela uma inhlabathi impofu kakhulu noma uma okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen kuphansi kakhulu. Izinga le-ammonium sulfate lika-300-400 kg/ha liyanconywa ukulungisa lokhu kusilela.
Kodwa-ke, kunconywa ukufaka i-phosphorus enhlabathini, njengoba inomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimpande zikatamatisi nokuqhakaza. Isibonelo kungaba ukungezwa kwe-superphosphate njengomanyolo ophansi. Ukuze isithelo sikhule kahle, sidinga umanyolo owenziwe nge-potassium. Inani elilinganiselwa ku-5-10% (umthamo wokushintshanisa indawo) emhlabathini liyanconywa, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukufaka u-400-500 kg/ha we-potassium sulfate.
Ukutshala nokunisela
Uhlaka lokutshala lapho utshala emhlabathini onqumayo luyahlukahluka, kuye ngokuthi unaso isikhala. Uma une noma ufuna ukusebenzisa indawo encane kakhulu, kungaba 0,3 m phakathi kwezitshalo kanye 0,5 m phakathi kwemigqa, noma 0,5 m phakathi kwezitshalo kanye 0,7 m phakathi kwemigqa.
Lezi zimbiza zingancishiswa, inhlabathi ethambile iba ngcono, ngesimilo. Isibonelo, uma ufaka umbhede ojulile engadini yakho yemvelo, indawo yokutshala izoncipha.
Izimpande zezitshalo zikatamatisi wamaMoor azidingi ukumba noma ukucinga imisoco, njengoba zihlala zinokwanele esandleni. Ngakho-ke akukho ukuncintisana phakathi kwezitshalo (noma uma kukhona ukuncintisana, kuba nokuncintisana okuncane). Ngenxa yalokho, uhlaka lokutshala selukhule kakhulu. Njengoba kunikezwe amazinga okushisa aphezulu ehlobo, izitshalo zikatamatisi zidinga umswakama oqhubekayo. Ungavumeli umhlabathi wome. Nakuba insimu yezithelo ngayinye ingumhlaba, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yendawo yayo nesimo sezulu.
Isondlo, izinambuzane nezifo
Yebo, nakuba ungase ucabange ukuthena izihlahla nezihlahlana kuphela, ungathena utshani ukuze ukwandise isivuno nokulinganisela ukukhula. Ukuthena ekutshalweni kukatamatisi wamaMoor kuhlanganisa ukuthena okwakhayo, okungukuthi, ukuqedwa kweziqu ezingemuva ezinde kakhulu, ezigulayo, ezindala, njll.
Sinezinambuzane nezifo ezijwayelekile ngenkathi kukhula isitshalo sikatamatisi, kanye neSolanaceae.
Phakathi kwezinambuzane:
- Isicabucabu esibomvu (I-Tetranychus spp..)
- I-Heliothis (I-Helicoverpa armigera)
- Impukane emhlophe (bemisia tabaci)
- Abavukuzi (Liriomyza spp.)
- utamatisi inundu (I-Absolute tuta)
- Uhambo (UFrankliniella occidentalis)
Futhi phakathi kwezifo:
- Isikhutha (Ama-infestans ama-Phytophthora)
- I-Oidium (I-Leveillula taurica)
- Ukubola okumpunga (I-Botrytis cinerea)
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana notamatisi wamaMoor nokutshalwa kwawo.