Esikhathini esithile ekuphileni kwethu, siyobe sesike sabona noma sanambitha imbewu yemifino, njengamapayipi, ama-walnuts, imbewu ye-chia, njll. Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi izitshalo zingahluma kuzo, Kodwa bangakwazi yini ukuchaza ngokuqondile ukuthi iyini imbewu?
Ukuze sicacise noma yikuphi ukungabaza mayelana nembewu, sizochaza ukuthi iyini, buyini ukubaluleka kwayo, iziphi izingxenye ezakhiwa ngazo, nokuthi zingamila kanjani. Uma unesithakazelo esihlokweni, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda.
Iyini imbewu futhi buyini ukubaluleka kwayo?
Ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwale ngxenye yesitshalo, okokuqala sizochaza ukuthi iyini imbewu, eyaziwa nangokuthi imbewu, amapayipi, imbewu noma obaba. Le mizimba iyingxenye yesithelo futhi iveza isitshalo esisha ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yembewu, izitshalo ze-spermatophyte ziyakwazi ukusabalalisa. Iqiniso elincane elinelukuluku: Imbewu endala kunazo zonke eyaziwa kuze kube manje isuka emvubukulweni ebizwa ngokuthi I-Runcaria futhi yatholakala eBelgium.
Kodwa imbewu ikhiqizwa kanjani? Kulula kakhulu: Uma i-ovule ye-gymnosperm noma i-angiosperm ivuthwa, imbewu iyakhiqizwa. Iqukethe umbungu onekhono lokukhula ube isitshalo esisha, inqobo nje uma izimo zilungile. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imbewu iqukethe umthombo wokudla ogciniwe futhi ukuthi isongwe ngohlobo lwesembozo sokuzivikela.
Njengoba sishilo phambilini, imbewu iyona kuphela indlela izitshalo ze-spermatophyte ezingazalana ngayo. Ngaphandle kwabo, inani elibalulekile lemifino belingeke libe khona. Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi ukubaluleka kwembewu kubalulekile.
Izingxenye zembewu
Ekuqaleni, ukudla okugciniwe ngokuyisisekelo kuwuhlobo lwesicubu esihle esibizwa ngokuthi i-endosperm. Lokhu kunikezwa isitshalo esingumzali futhi ngokuvamile kucebile ngamaprotheni kanye nesitashi noma amafutha. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo, umbungu ugcinwa ku-endosperm. Lokhu kuzosetshenziswa yimbewu ukuze kuhlume. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwezinye izinhlobo i-endosperm igcina imuncwe umbungu kuyilapho ikhula ngaphakathi kwembewu.
Ngokuphathelene nemvilophi yembewu, ikhula kusuka kuma-cubes amancane amaningana azungeze iqanda, elibizwa ngokuthi. izinhliziyo. Kwezinye izitshalo, lokhu kugoqa kungaba igobolondo elincanyana uma selivuthiwe, njengamakinati, noma igobolondo elinamandla.
Endabeni yama-angiosperms, imbewu itholakala ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezingaba zomile noma zibe nenyama, kwezinye izimo zingase zibe izingqimba zazo zombili. Lezi zakhiwo zaziwa ngokuthi izithelo. Ngolimi lweSpanishi, ukudla okuyizithelo ezinoshukela neziyinyama kubizwa ngokuthi isithelo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imbewu yama-gymnosperms iqala ukukhula "ze" kuma-bracts we-cones, njengoba kwenzeka ezimbali eziningi. Lapho zikhula, zihambisana nezikali eziwavikelayo futhi ezisiza ukuwahlakaza.
Izinzuzo
Ngokungafani nezilwane, kuhlanganise nabantu, izitshalo zinokulinganiselwa okwengeziwe lapho kuziwa ekufuneni izimo ezikahle zokukhula kwazo nokuphila kwazo nje jikelele. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuziphendukela kwayo kuye kwahlukahluka kakhulu mayelana nokusabalalisa. Indlela yembewu iyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokwandisa inani labantu bakho futhi iveza uchungechunge lwezinzuzo esizophawula ngazo ngezansi.
Ukuze imbewu ikhule, kufanele ifike endaweni efanele ngesikhathi esifanele sokuhluma. Izakhiwo ezikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwembewu ezoba isizukulwane esilandelayo cishe zihlobene kakhulu nezithelo kunembewu ngokwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko wembewu uwumshini wokuhlehlisa. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Kahle yini iyakwazi ukumisa ukukhula lapho ibona ukuthi izimo azivumi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze ihlakazeke. Lezi yizinzuzo ezinhle ezinikezwa yimbewu.
Ngokwezinhlobo zezitshalo, ifinyelela umgomo wayo wokusabalalisa ngendlela ehlukile. Bangasebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kwenani eliphezulu kakhulu lembewu njengesu noma bangasonga imbewu ngezingqimba eziqinile kakhulu ezithambisa amakhaza asebusika nezimvula, ize iqale ukuhluma.
Indlela yokuhluma imbewu?
Manje njengoba sesazi ukuthi imbewu iyini, ake sikhulume ngokuhluma kwayo. Kodwa kuyini lokhu ngempela? Kuyinqubo lapho umbungu uqala ukukhula ube isitshalo esisha. Kuyinqubo kancane kancane eyenzeka lapho umbungu usuqala ukukhukhumala ukuze uhlephule ijazi lembewu. Kulokhu, zonke izitshalo zidinga uchungechunge lwezakhi eziyisisekelo ukuze zikwazi ukuthuthukisa futhi zithole amandla anele. Lezi zakhi eziyisisekelo ezidingekayo zihlala zincike ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo futhi yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Amanzi
- I-Carbon dioxide
- Ukushisa
- Usawoti wamaminerali
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuhluma: Ukuhluma kwe-Hypogeal nokuhluma kwe-epigeal. Sizoxoxa ngazo zombili.
Ukuhluma kwe-Hypogeal
Ama-cotyledons noma amaqabunga okuqala embewu ahlala engcwatshwe ezithonjeni ze-hypogeal. Okuwukuphela kwengxenye edabula emhlabathini i-pluule. Kulokhu kuhluma, i-hypocotyl ifushane kakhulu, ingasho ukuthi ayikho. Ngokulandelanayo, i-epicotyl iyakhula futhi amaqabunga okuqala eqiniso avele. Kulokhu, lawa maqabunga okuqala nawo ayizitho zokuqala ze-photosynthesizing zesitshalo. Imbewu eyenza lolu hlobo lokuhluma, isibonelo, okusanhlamvu, ubhontshisi, uphizi nama-oki, phakathi kokunye.
Ukuhluma kwe-epigeal
Endabeni yezithombo ze-epigeal, i-hypocotyl inokukhula okubalulekile, okwenza ama-cotyledon aphume emhlabathini. Ngemva kwalokho, ama-chloroplast angahlukaniswa phakathi kwama-cotyledon, agcina esewaguqula abe izitho ze-photosynthetic. Ekugcineni, i-epicotyl iqala ukukhula. Lolu hlobo lokuhluma lwenzeka embewini, isibonelo, u-anyanisi, ubhontshisi, ulethisi nesinaphi esimhlophe, phakathi kokunye.
Ngethemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sisuse konke ukungabaza kwakho ngokuthi imbewu iyini.