Cabanga ukuthi esikhundleni sokukhanyisa izibani lapho kuba mnyama, ungafunda incwadi ngokukhanya kwesitshalo esikhanyayo etafuleni lakho, noma uhambe ngaphansi kokukhanya kwesihlahla esikhanyayo esikhundleni sezibani zikagesi. I izitshalo ezikhanyayo Bekulokhu kuyisifundo sososayensi.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi yiziphi izitshalo ezikhanyayo nokuthi yiziphi izifundo ezikhona kuzo.
Izifundo ngezitshalo ezikhanyayo
Onjiniyela baseMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) eCambridge (Massachusetts, e-U.S.A.) bathathe izinyathelo zokuqala eziyisisekelo ukuze baphile lesi simo esibonakala sishabalala namuhla ezinganekwaneni zesayensi.
Ithimba eliholwa uDkt. Michael Strano, uprofesa ovelele wobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, lahlanganisa uchungechunge lwama-nanoparticles akhethekile (izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu) emaqabunga ezitshalo ze-cress, eziyenga ukuthi zikhiphe ukukhanya okufiphele cishe amahora amane.
Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lapho bekwazi ukuthuthukisa le nanotechnology, izitshalo zizokhanya ngokwanele ukuze zikhanyise izindawo zokusebenza. Ithimba elivela eMassachusetts Institute of Technology lihlakulele izitshalo ezingakhanya cishe amahora angu-4 futhi zikhanyise amakhasi ezincwadi ebangeni eliseduze.
Lobu buchwepheshe bungase busetshenziselwe ukunikeza ukukhanya kwangaphakathi okunamandla aphansi noma ukushintsha izihlahla zibe izibani zasemgwaqweni ezizenzakalelayo.
Izinzuzo zezitshalo ezikhanyayo
Yiziphi izinzuzo nezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa izitshalo ezikhanyayo ukukhanyisa ingaphakathi nemigwaqo? Ukuklama izitshalo eziphilayo zokukhishwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo kanye nokukhanyisa okusimeme kuyaphoqa ngoba izitshalo zinezindlela ezizimele zokukhiqiza amandla nezindlela zokuwagcina.
Izitshalo zinekhabhoni ephindwe kabili, okusho ukuthi badla i-CO2 ngokukhiqiza uphethiloli futhi bona ngokwabo bawumkhiqizo wokuthathwa kwekhabhoni (ukuguqulwa kwe-CO2 ibe yizinhlanganisela eziphilayo) emkhathini. Lapho inqubo isithuthukisiwe, abacwaningi bathi, bazokwazi ukukhanyisa zonke izindawo zokusebenza noma basetshenziselwe ukukhanya komphakathi.
Izitshalo zingowokugcina ekukhanyeni okusimeme kwe-biomimetic okungancikile kunoma iyiphi ingqalasizinda yomuntu futhi ezivumelanisa kahle nezindawo zangaphandle. Ziyazilungisa, vele zikhona lapho sifuna zisebenze khona njengamalambu kagesi, ziyasinda futhi ziphikelele ezimeni zezulu ezehlukene, zinemithombo yazo yamanzi, nazo zonke lezi ezingenhla zikwenza ngokuzimele.
Izimila ezingavamile
Okubizwa ngokuthi "izitshalo ze-nanobionic" kuyinkambu entsha yocwaningo ekhuthazwa ilabhorethri kaStrano, lapho ihlanganisa khona okuhlukile. izinhlobo ze-nanoparticles nezitshalo zonjiniyela ukuze zithathe imisebenzi eminingi manje eyenziwa ngamadivayisi kagesi.
Ngokusho kwe-MIT, ithimba likaStrano selivele lisebenzise ubuchwepheshe ezitshalweni zonjiniyela ezingakwazi ukubona iziqhumane futhi zidlulisele lolo lwazi ku-smartphone, kanye nemifino enezinzwa ze-elekthronikhi emaqabunga awo aphendula lapho exwayisa lapho izinga lamanzi liphansi.
Ososayensi be-ejensi baphinde bakha isitshalo se-nanobionic esikwazi ukubamba amandla okukhanya angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-30, bafaka ama-carbon nanotubes kumaseli akhiqiza i-photosynthesis, futhi benza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubona izinto ezingcolisayo njengegesi ye-nitric oxide.
Ithimba likaProfessor Strano ngaphambilini liye lasungula izitshalo ze-nanobionic ezine-photosynthesis ethuthukisiwe kanye nekhono lokubona amagesi angcolile, iziqhumane kanye nezimo zesomiso.
«Ukukhanyisa, okwenza cishe amaphesenti angu-20 okusetshenziswa kwamandla emhlabeni jikelele, ingenye yezinhloso ezinengqondo zalezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe zezitshalo eziqondile," kusho uStrano, ephawula ukuthi "Izitshalo zingakwazi ukuzilungisa, zibe namandla azo, futhi zivumelane nemvelo yangaphandle.
Ukwakha izitshalo zabo ezikhazimulayo, ithimba le-MIT laphendukela ku-luciferase, i-enzyme eyenza ama-fireflies akhanye. I-Luciferase isebenza ku-molecule ebizwa ngokuthi i-luciferin, ibangele ukuthi ikhiphe ukukhanya, kuyilapho enye i-molecule ebizwa ngokuthi i-coenzyme A isiza inqubo ngokususa i-byproduct ye-biochemical reaction evimbela umsebenzi we-enzyme ye-luciferin.
Ama-nanoparticles nemifino ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu
Ithimba le-MIT lapakisha ngayinye yalezi zingxenye ezintathu ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene ze-nanoparticles yenkampani yenethiwekhi eyenziwe ngezinto ezithathwa ngokuthi "ziqashelwa ngokuvamile njengeziphephile" yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Isitshalo selogo ye-MIT esikhazimulayo sigxivizwe kuma-rocket blades, afakwe ngenhlanganisela yama-nanoparticles.
Ngokusho kwethimba likaStrano, lezi nanoparticles zisiza ingxenye ngayinye ukuthi ifinyelele engxenyeni efanele yesitshalo futhi zivimbela lezo zingxenye ukuthi zingafinyeleli ekugxiliseni okungaba ubuthi esitshalweni ngokwaso.
Ngokusho kwababhali bocwaningo oluxhaswe nguMnyango Wezamandla wase-US, abacwaningi basebenzisa i-silica nanoparticles ukuthutha i-luciferase kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ze-polymers PLGA kanye ne-chitosan ukuthutha i-luciferin ne-coenzyme A, ngokulandelana.
Ukushumeka ama-nanoparticles othwala emaqabunga esitshalo, abacwaningi baqale bamisa ama-nanoparticles kwisixazululo esiwuketshezi, base becwilisa izitshalo oketshezini, futhi ekugcineni bafaka ukucindezela okukhulu ezitshalweni ukuphoqa izinhlayiya emaqabunga ngokusebenzisa izimbotshana ezincane ezibizwa nge-stomata, ngokusho kombiko. I-MIT.
Ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi, abacwaningi bakhiqiza izitshalo ukuthi Bakhanya cishe imizuzu engama-45 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi bafeze inqubo yokubenza bakhanye amahora angu-3,5.
Njengamanje, isithombo se-cress esingamasentimitha ayi-10 sikhiqiza cishe ingxenye eyinkulungwane yenani lokukhanya elidingekayo ukuze lifundwe, kodwa abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi bangakhuphula kokubili inani lokukhanya eliphumayo kanye nobude balo mandla okukhanya ngokuqhubeka nokwenza ngcono izinga.
I-Luciferase isebenza ku-molecule ebizwa ngokuthi i-luciferin futhi iyiphoqa ukuba ikhanye. I-molecule ebizwa ngokuthi i-coenzyme A nayo ihileleke kule nqubo., okwenza kube lula.
Ngayinye yalezi zingxenye ithwalwa yi-nanoparticle, eqinisekisa ukuthi ifika endaweni efanele futhi izivimbele ukuthi zingagxili endaweni ethile, okungaba ubuthi esitshalweni. Abacwaningi bakwazile ukwenza izitshalo zikhanye cishe amahora amathathu nesigamu.
Futhi nakuba ukukhanya abakutholayo kufiphele, bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukwandisa ukushuba nobude besikhathi sokukhanya. Ngokungafani nokuhlolwa kwangaphambilini, okukwazile ukwenza izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo zikhanye ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, indlela eyakhiwe abacwaningi be-MIT ingasetshenziswa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesitshalo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izitshalo ezikhanyayo nezici zazo.