Menene yanayin yanayin duhu na duhu?

Photosynthesis tsari ne wanda ɗan adam ne kawai zai iya aiwatarwa, kuma a kansa ne dabba ya dogara da numfashi kuma, don haka, ya wanzu. Kodayake mutane suna tunanin cewa tsire-tsire ne ke da alhakin rayuwa, wani abin da ba bakon abu ba ne gaba daya kamar yadda mu kanmu mutane ne da ba na ruwa ba, a zahiri sune wadanda ke rayuwa a cikin teku, koguna da fadama wadanda ke samar da mafi girma wannan gas mai mahimmanci.

Amma a kula, wannan ba yana nufin ƙasa da cewa bishiyoyi, dabino, da sauransu ba su da mahimmanci ... saboda suna. Komai yana kirgawa. Kuma mafi yawan tsire-tsire a doron kasa, a cikin ruwayensa da kuma cikin kashinta na duniya, ya fi girma da bambancin rayuwa. Amma ta yaya suke rayuwa? Da kyau, canza carbon dioxide da aka samo daga iska zuwa abinci, yayin abin da aka sani da lokacin duhu na photosynthesis.

Yaya ake aiwatar da yanayin duhu na photosynthesis?

Kodayake sunansa na iya ɓatarwa, yana da tasiri wanda yake faruwa dare da rana a cikin sifofin da ake kira chloroplasts. A wannan matakin yawanci ana ɗaukar ATP (adenosine triphosphate), yana da mahimmanci don kuzari da NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) wanda shine coenzyme saboda abin da carbon dioxide ke ɗaure. Tare da su, ana aiwatar da ƙarin matakan sunadarai akan su, kasu kashi biyu:

Gyara carbon

Kodayake bai dogara da cewa akwai hasken rana a wancan lokacin ba, yana da muhimmanci a lura cewa ba tare da shi ba ba za a iya bayarwa ba, tunda wasu enzymes da ke ciki sun dogara da haske. Idan ya zo ga gyaran carbon, tsire-tsire na iya yin ta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A zahiri, Masu ilimin botan sun gano gyaran CO2 guda uku:

• C3 shuke-shuke: sune sukafi kowa. Suna gyara shi yayin zagayen Calvin (wanda yanzu zamu gani), ba tare da wani gyara ba.
• C4 shuke-shuke: waɗannan sune waɗanda carbon dioxide a ciki, bayan sun amsa tare da fossoenolpyruvate, suna haifar da oxaloacetate, wanda daga baya ya zama malate (kwayoyin 4-carbon). Wannan malate shine abin da za'a shigar dashi cikin sel, kuma inda za'a samar da iskar carbon dioxide da ake buƙata don zagawar Calvin da pyruvate.
• CAM shuke-shuke: yana faruwa a tsire-tsire masu wadata. Rayuwa a yankuna inda matsakaicin yanayin zafi yake da gaske, kuma inda akwai ƙarancin ruwan sama, ana rufe stomata da rana don rage asarar ruwa. Da dare suna buɗewa, kuma wannan shine lokacin da suke karɓar CO2. Amma, kamar yadda yake a cikin shuke-shuke na C4, wannan na farko yana haifar da malate bayan jerin halayen halayen sunadarai, wanda ya ƙare da samar da CO2 yayin rana. Informationarin bayani a nan.

Calvin sake zagayowar

Calvin sake zagayowar tsari ne wanda a wanne lokaci carbon dioxide ya canza zuwa glucose, wanda tsire-tsire za suyi amfani dashi don numfashi kuma, kuma, azaman tushen carbon. Shine kashi na biyu na hotunan hoto, kuma mafi mahimmanci ga mafi yawan dabbobi, saboda godiya gare shi halittu masu rai na iya wanzuwa, sabili da haka, suna fitar da iskar oxygen cikin yini da dare.

A ina ne yanayin duhun fure-fure yake faruwa?

Lokacin duhu faruwa a cikin chloroplasts. Waɗannan su ne tsarin salon salula wanda aka samo a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar eukaryotic, kuma suna da siffar oval ko spherical Babban aikinta shine canza makamashi daga rana zuwa makamashin sunadarai, wani abu da ke faruwa yayin photosynthesis kuma, don zama mafi daidai, yayin yanayin duhu.

Ya ƙunshi ambulaf wanda ya ƙunshi membranes guda biyu wanda ya ƙunshi launuka masu launuka irin su chlorophyll, da sauran abubuwa masu mahimmanci don ya iya cika aikinsa.

Menene tsarin chloroplast?

• Waje na waje: yana da tasiri kuma yana da sunadarai. Yana kiyaye shi daban da cytoplasm.
• Cikin ciki: yana dauke da stroma, wanda shine yankin sa na ruwa.
• Thylakoid membrane: a ciki akwai thylakoids, waɗanda suke kamar lalatattun buhuna. Lokacin da aka tara waɗannan, sai su yi yayyafa.

Menene aikinta?

Photosynthesis yana faruwa a cikin chloroplasts, duka lokaci mai haske (samar da ATP da NADPH a cikin membrane na tylokoid), da kuma lokacin duhu (gyaran carbon dioxide a cikin stroma). Amma ba wai kawai ba, amma suma suna hada amino acid suna yin kitse mai, mai mahimmanci ga tsirrai don samun abinci. Tare da wannan abincin, ma'ana, tare da waɗannan nau'ikan carbohydrates, sugars da sitaci, suna da damar da zasu girma, bunƙasa da kuma samar da irinsu.

Don haka ba tare da hotunan hoto ba duniyarmu ta banbanta. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yake da kyau, kuma mai ban sha'awa, don ƙarin koyo game da fure da ke kewaye da mu, tunda babu su babu ɗayanmu da zai kasance a yau.

Muna fatan cewa abin da kuka koya game da yanayin duhu na photosynthesis ya taimaka muku.