Duniyar shuka tana cike da abubuwan al'ajabi da abubuwan al'ajabi. Yadda tsire-tsire suka samo asali don daidaitawa da haifuwa yana da ban mamaki da gaske. Ana nuna wannan ta nau'ikan pollination daban-daban, ta hanyar da tsire-tsire ke gudanar da rayuwa da aiwatar da haifuwarsu ta musamman. Ba tare da shakka ba, batu ne mai ban sha'awa sosai.
Na gaba za mu yi sharhi game da tsarin pollination. Za mu bayyana yadda ake samar da shi da kuma muhimmancin da yake da shi, ba kawai ga mulkin shuka ba, amma ga dukan duniya. Bayan haka, Za mu yi magana game da nau'ikan pollination daban-daban da suke wanzu. Idan kuna sha'awar batun, Ina ba da shawarar ku ci gaba da karantawa.
Menene pollination?
Kafin muyi magana game da nau'ikan pollination daban-daban da suke wanzu, zamu fara bayyana menene ainihin wannan tsari. To, shuke-shuke pollination ne m tsarin nazarin halittu da wanda pollen da aka samar da tsarin namiji na tsire-tsire ana jigilar su zuwa sassan mata. Ana iya samun waɗannan a cikin shuka iri ɗaya, muddin wannan tsiron yana da gabobin maza da mata da/ko furanni. Amma kuma ana yin pollination tsakanin tsire-tsire daban-daban, lokacin da suke da furanni na namiji ko na mace. Ina tsammanin cewa, a cikin akwati na ƙarshe, ana kiran tsarin da ake kira giciye-pollination.
Ya kamata a ce wannan tsari mai ban sha'awa shine kashi na farko na haifuwa na shuka. Don haka, zamu iya tabbatar da cewa babban aikin pollination a fili yake mataki na farko don tabbatar da cewa tsire-tsire sun tsira kuma sun samo asali godiya ga haifuwa. Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da wannan batu, Ina ba da shawarar ku duba wannan labarin da ke magana akai menene hadi na shuka.
Yaya pollination shuka ke faruwa?
Kamar yadda muka yi sharhi a baya, duk aikin pollination Yana da mahimmanci don hakin tsire-tsire ya faru. ba tare da wanda ba za su iya haifuwa ba. Koyaya, zamuyi sharhi dalla-dalla akan menene ainihin wannan tsari ya kunsa.
A cikin pollination na dabi'a, Ana gudanar da jigilar pollen ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa gametes na maza, wato, pollen, waɗanda aka fara samuwa a cikin stamens na furanni, za su iya takin gametes ko ovules na mace ta hanyar saka su a cikin pistil na furanni.
Kamar yadda za ku yi tsammani, pollination yana da dabaru daban-daban don aiwatar da aikin. Waɗannan su ne tsire-tsire da kansu da kuma ta hanyar pollinating wakilai. Misali mai kyau na tsarin pollination da kwari ke aiwatarwa shine yanayin ban mamaki na Ophrys bombyliflora, wanda aka sani da bumblebee orchid. Launukansu da nau'ikan su sun yi kama da jikin matan wasu nau'in bumblebee, saboda haka sunansu. Godiya ga wannan kamanni, wannan furen yana kulawa don jawo hankalin bumblebees maza. Wadannan, suna bin saman furen, suna cika jikinsu da aka lullube da gashi tare da pollen da suka ƙare zuwa jigilar su zuwa wasu orchids. Kuma wannan shine yadda wannan nau'in shuka ke haifuwa.
Menene nau'ikan pollination guda 4?
Duniyar shuka tana cike da matakai da dabaru masu ban mamaki. Kyakkyawan misali shine nau'ikan pollination daban-daban da suke wanzu, waɗanda za mu yi tsokaci akai a wannan sashe. Za mu iya bambanta wannan tsari ta hanyar da ake aiwatar da shi. Zai zama rabe-rabe kamar haka:
- Pollination na iska: Ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar iska.
- Ruwan ruwa na Hydrophilic: Yana faruwa ta ruwa.
- Pollination na zoophilous: Dabbobi ne suke yi.
A cikin wannan rukuni na ƙarshe, zoophilic pollination, an bambanta takamaiman rukuni sama da kowa, wanda zai iya zama mafi shahara ga duka: entomophilous pollination, wanda kwari ke aiwatarwa. Akwai dubban kwari da ke shiga aikin pollination a cikin miliyoyin tsire-tsire iri-iri waɗanda ke samuwa a cikin halittu marasa adadi a duk faɗin duniya.
Baya ga wannan rarrabuwa, muna kuma iya bambance manyan nau'ikan pollination guda huɗu, waɗanda za mu yi sharhi a ƙasa:
- Jihadi
- Kai tsaye
- Halitta
- Wucin gadi
Cross pollination
Bari mu fara da giciye pollination. Menene wannan mutumin? Yaya ake yi? To, a cikin irin wannan nau'in pollination, ana ɗaukar ƙwayar pollen daga furen shuka zuwa furen wani. Shi ya sa ake kiransa da “Crossad”. Ana jigilar pollen daga wannan shuka zuwa wani ta hanyar abin da ake kira vector waje. Wannan na iya zama duka abiotic da biotic. Ƙimar pollination tana wanzuwa lokacin da tsuntsaye irin su hummingbirds ko jemagu suka shiga cikin wannan tsari; kwari irin su ƙudan zuma, kudan zuma, da malam buɗe ido; iska ko ruwa. A cikin wannan babban rukuni zamu iya haɗawa da duk nau'ikan da muka yi tsokaci akai a baya: Anemophilous pollination, hydrophilic pollination da zoophilic pollination.
Irin wannan nau'in, giciye-pollination, ya zama dole a lokuta inda gabobin namiji da mace ba a cikin kwafin daya ba, amma kuma idan waɗannan suka bayyana a lokuta daban-daban yayin girmar shuka. Wasu misalan su zai kasance almond, kankana da girasol. Amma akwai ƙarin nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke buƙatar giciye-pollin don haifuwa.
pollination kai tsaye
Daga cikin manyan nau'ikan pollination guda huɗu, pollination kai tsaye shima ya fito fili, wanda kuma aka sani da takin kai ko pollination kai. A cikin wadannan lokuta, pollen ana canjawa wuri daga anthers na flower zuwa stigmas na flower. Abu mafi ban mamaki game da wannan tsari shine cewa ƙwayar pollen kawai ta kai daga wannan batu zuwa wani, ba tare da tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin ba, kamar yadda ya faru tare da giciye-pollination.
Nau'in shuka waɗanda ke aiwatar da pollination kai tsaye ko pollination kai tsaye Ana kiran su autogamous. Babban fa'idar wannan nau'in pollination shine cewa nau'ikan tsire-tsire suna iya haifuwa ko da ba tare da kasancewar masu yin pollination na waje ba. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura cewa kusan ba a zubar da pollen ta wannan hanya, tun da nisa da hatsi yakan yi kadan. Tsirrai masu sarrafa kansu sun haɗa da, alal misali, da wake, mango, gyada da wake.
na halitta pollination
Yanzu bari muyi magana game da pollination na halitta. Kamar yadda ake tsammani, shine wanda ke faruwa ba tare da sa hannun mutum ba, wato a zahiri. Duk waɗannan lamuran da suka shafi pollination kai tsaye, waɗanda suka haɗa da nau'ikan pollination anemophilic, hydrophilic da entomophilic, ana ɗaukar misalan pollination na halitta.
Bayan shekaru masu yawa na juyin halitta, nau'in shuka sun samo hanyar safarar pollen ta hanyar da ta dace kuma ba tare da taimakon mutane ba don samun damar haifuwa, biyan wasu takamaiman buƙatu. Duk nau'ikan pollination ɗin da muka tattauna ya zuwa yanzu suna faruwa ne a zahiri, ba tare da wani tsoma baki daga ɓangarenmu ba.
wucin gadi pollination
Ya bambanta da pollination na halitta muna da pollination na wucin gadi, wanda kuma aka sani da pollination na hannu. Kamar yadda za ku yi tsammani, wannan tsari yana faruwa ne tare da shiga tsakani na ɗan adam. A gaskiya ma, yana faruwa lokacin da muka maye gurbin yanayi yayin wannan tsari kuma muna sarrafa haifuwa na tsire-tsire.
Gabaɗaya, yin wannan tsari da hannu yawanci ana yin shi ta hanyar dalilai guda biyu:
- lokacin akwai d'yan pollinators na halitta ba su da yawa a wani yanki na musamman, inda amfanin gonakin noma yake.
- Lokacin da muke so hana sauye-sauye a cikin takamaiman halaye daga tasowa na wani shuka.
Amma ta yaya ake cika wannan aikin? Yana da sauƙi amma mai wahala a cikin adadi mai yawa. Yana da mahimmanci don jakar furanni don hana zuwan masu pollinators na halitta. Dole ne mu tattara pollen daga stamen kuma mu canza su zuwa abin kunya. Don wannan za mu iya amfani da goga, alal misali. Bayan haka, dole ne a sake rufe furanni har sai an yi hadi.
Muhimmancin pollination
Tare da duk wannan bayanin, zai riga ya bayyana a gare mu menene pollination da mahimmancin da yake da shi ga masarautar shuka. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ba kawai mahimmanci ga tsire-tsire ba ne, har ma a gare mu. Godiya garesu ana kiyaye ma'aunin yanayin muhalli da kuma samar da abinci ga mutane. Kada mu manta cewa noman noma ya dogara kai tsaye ga pollination na amfanin gona. Idan babu pollination, sabbin tsire-tsire ba za su wanzu ba. Idan ba tare da sababbin tsire-tsire ba, mu da dabbobin da ba za su iya ci ba za mu rasa abinci. Sakamakon bacewar ciyayi, dabbobi masu cin nama su ma za su sami mummunar illa.
Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa ɗimbin halittu masu yawa na pollinators suna ba da fifiko ga daidaiton yanayin yanayin halitta da amfanin gona. Ta wannan hanyar, a cikin yanayi na halitta da na noma, za a iya haɓaka juriya ta hanyar ɗimbin halittu na pollinators da ke cikin su. Ayyukan muhallinsu da martaninsu ga yanayin muhalli sun sa ya yiwu an rage haɗarin da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa. Wannan dalla-dalla yana da matuƙar mahimmanci, tun da yake yanayin yanayin yanzu da na gaba suna fuskantar barazanar wannan batu.
Kamar yadda kake gani, pollination ba kawai mahimmanci ga tsire-tsire ba ne, har ma ga dukan duniya. Don haka, dole ne mu kula da kuma mutunta yanayin halittu.