Kuisa munguwa kwakakosha kwazvo kune ese marudzi emiti. Pasina iyo, vangadai vasina kuvapo. Nechikonzero ichi, vazhinji vakaisa basa iri kumhuka: nyuchi, masvosve, butterflies, uye kunyangwe dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakaita semakonzo dzakatora basa rekutakura mukume kubva pane ruva uchienda pane rimwe.
Asi havazi ivo chete vanoisa mungu pamaruva, asi mhepo inobatsirawo. Ngatizivei kuti kuita pollination kunosanganisira chii.
Ndezvipi zvikamu zve ruva?
Kana tichitaura nezve pollination, isu tinofanirwa kutaura nezve maruva. Maruva ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvezvirimwa, nekuti pasina ivo panogona kunge paine mhando dzakasiyana dzemhando Asi, isuwo tinofanirwa kutaura nezvemhando dzemiti; kunyanya, maratidziro anoenderana zvinoenderana nehunhu hwemaruva avo, michero uye mhodzi.
Saka kuti zvive nyore kwazvo kuti iwe unzwisise, iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti gymnosperm zvirimwa uye angiosperms zviripo. Vakasiyana sei?
Gymnosperms
Mufananidzo - Wikimedia / Jhodlof, JJ Harrison, Beentree, MPF, RoRo
Ndeavo vane mbeu dzakaumbwa dzakatarisana nemamiriro ekunze; ndiko kuti, havana kudzivirirwa. Maruva ayo ari strobili: mhando yepainapple kubva kune ayo axis mashizha akaorera anobuda. Naizvozvo, nehunyanzvi, idzi mhando dzemiti hadziburitse michero.
Mienzaniso: cycads, ese conifers, Ginkgo biloba.
Gymnosperm maruva zvikamu uye nemabasa avo
Tichatarisa pamaruva eeconifers (mapini, sequoias, nezvimwewo), asi iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti maruva ese ejimnosperm ane zvakafanana maitiro:
- Vakadzi inflorescences: iwo iboka remaruva echikadzi ayo asiri chimwe chinhu kunze kwezviyero, uye izvo semuenzaniso mune mapini anogadzira munyama uye wakasvibira chinanazi chinenge 1cm pakureba.
- Varume inflorescences: Iwo iboka remaruva echirume anoumbwa nenhamba hombe yezviyero izvo chaizvo stamens, kunova uko mukume unowanikwa.
Izvi zvinomera, kuva wekutanga kugara muPasi (zvakatanga shanduko yazvo makore anodarika mazana emamirioni mazana matatu apfuura), sezvo pakanga pasati paine marudzi mazhinji emhuka aigona kuzadzisa mashandiro emapollinator, paive nevazhinji vaivimba nemhepo kugadzirwa kwembeu.
Angiosperms
Izvo zvakasiyana zvikamu zve ruva reiyo angiosperm chirimwa.
Yakakurumbira, ndizvo zvinozivikanwa se "maruva zvinomera." Ndo izvo izvo chengetedza mbeu dzavo, sezvo maruva ayo aine sepals, petals, stamens uye carpels, ayo anovhara mavuvu.
Mienzaniso: miti yemichindwe, huwandu hwakawanda hwe miti, bulbous, horticultural, nezvimwe.
Zvikamu zveruva nemabasa avo
Iwo maruva zvikamu zveaiiosperms iwo akapatsanurwa kuita maviri: iyo androecium uye gynoecium. Ose ari maviri anogona kuve aripo mune rimwe ruva, saka zvingave hermaphrodite; mumaruva akasiyana emuti mumwe chete, unonzi monoecious; kana mumaruva ehupombwe mune mamwe maenzaniso, kuitira kuti ive dioecious.
Ngatione kuti ndezvipi zvikamu zvavanazvo uye kuti mabasa avo ndeapi:
Androecium
Iine stamens, inova nebasa rekugadzira mukume.
- Anther: ndeaya ane mukume.
- Filament: tsigira anthers.
Gynecium
Inoumbwa nepistil, iyo zvakare yakakamurwa kuita:
- Kusarura: ndicho chikamu chinogamuchira mukume. Iyo inonamira saka inogona kunamatira nyore nyore.
- Chimiro: iyo chubhu inotsigira kushorwa, uye kuburikidza neiyo mukume unopfuura uchienda kune ovary.
- Ovari: ndicho chikamu chine mavuvu. Kana dzango sangana, dzinowedzera muhukuru kukura kunoita mhodzi.
Zvimwe zvikamu zve ruva ndizvo petals, iyo inokwezva vanhu vanoisa mukume, uye sepals, ayo anoshandurwa mashizha anobatsira kuchengetedza peturu zvishoma. Dzimwe nguva tinosangana bracts pachinzvimbo chemashizha, ayo asiri chinhu kunze kwemashizha, zvakare akagadziridzwa, anozadzisa basa rakafanana neiro, ndiko kuti, kukwezva zvipembenene kana mamwe marudzi emhuka kuti aite mukume, asi kusiyana nemaspale, anongowanikwa mune inflorescence, kwete mumaruva ega. .
Chii chinonzi pollination?
Geranium iri kubuda.
Kuwedzeredza kunosanganisira chinja mukume kubva kune stamens kuenda kune stigma kana chikamu chinogamuchira chemaruva emiti. Ndipo panowanikwa ovule, inoiswa fetereza uye iyo inozove michero nembeu.
Mukume unotakurwa neshiri dzakasiyana, zvipembenene, nedzimwe mhuka, asi zvakare nemhepo kana nemvura, kunyangwe zvichifanira kutaurwa kuti zvirimwa zvinosarudza kurega zvekupedzisira kuzvitarisira zvidiki kwazvo.
Mhando dzezvirimwa maererano neparuva yavo
Kune akasiyana mapollination zvinoenderana nerudzi rwechirimwa icho, semuenzaniso:
- Anemophilic zvirimwa: ndeaya akasvinudzwa nemhepo.
- Hydrophilic zvirimwa: mvura inosvibisa maruva ayo.
- Zoophilic zvirimwa: mhuka dzine basa rekutakura mukume kubva kune rimwe ruva kuenda pane rimwe. Idzi ndidzo dzinowanzo kuve nemaruva anotarisisa, nekuti iwo anofanirwa kukwezva kana vachida kuitiswa munguva. Uye makwikwi anogona kuve akanaka kwazvo, kunyanya mudanga kana musango.
Asi zvinosuruvarisa, kusvibiswa kwepanyama kuri kutyisidzirwa. Iko kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka, kupinda kwehutachiona uye zvimwe zvipenyu, kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo uye ikozvino shanduko yemamiriro ekunze kuri kukonzera mhuka dzakatsaurirwa kwazviri, kutsakatika.
Isu tinowanzo funga kuti isu tinogona kugara tichivimba nemaruva kuti tifukure, asi isu takanganisa. Pasina mapollinator, hupenyu hwedu hwaizokanganiswa zvakanyanya.