Kurarama kwemiti kwakabatana zvakanyanya nevhu ravanokura; kwete pasina, midzi yayo inogadzira nzira pakati pe pores iyo inogadzira ivhu nematombo arimo. Mazuva ese vanotora zvinovaka muviri izvo zvinoita kuti vakwanise kurarama nekukura.
Uyu ndiwo musoro wenyaya unofarira vanhu kwemazana emakore akati wandei, sezvatakakurumidza kuziva izvozvo Zvichienderana nehunhu hwevhu, vaigona kukura imwe kana zvimwe zvirimwa. Zvisinei, pakanga pasati pari 1883 apo vanhu vakatanga kutaura nezve edaphology, kana sekuzivikanwa kwazvo: sainzi yevhu.
Ndeipi tsananguro yeedaphology?
Mufananidzo - Wikimedia / Ivtorov
Edaphology isainzi iyo inodzidza ivhu uye hukama hwayo nemiti uye nharaunda inoikomberedza. Mukati meiyi ndima, fizikisi, biology uye chemistry zvakare zvinoonekwa.
Nekudaro, kana tichida kuziva kuumbwa kwenyika, zvivakwa zvayo, kuti zvinoshanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva, uye kuti zvinomera zvinokura mairi zvine hukama sei, zvatichanyatsoita kuverenga zvidzidzo kana kuyedza kwesainzi yevhu.
Chii chinonzi kurima edaphology?
Zvekurima edaphology uye edaphology, ngatizvidaidzei, zvakajairika, zvakafanana. Kuziva mhando dzakasiyana dzevhu uye zvirimwa zvinogara mairi kiyi yekuwana goho rinonakidza, nekuti pasina ruzivo urwu, unogona kuisa njodzi yekutenga miti yemichero isingagone kukura mubindu rako.
Asi zvinokurudzirwa kungwarira nemazita edaphology uye pedology. Iyo yekupedzisira inotarisa pakufunda nezve mavambo uye kuumbwa kwevhu, nepo iyo yekutanga ichinyanya kuenderana nezve agronomy, nekuti chimwe chezvinangwa zvacho kuziva nekuvandudza mashandisiro epasi.
Chii chinonzi mepu yevhu?
Mepu yevhu chishandiso chinonyanya kubatsira kana iwe uchida kuziva mamiriro enzvimbo yenzvimbo. Inotaridza matombo akasiyana kana mafomati, pamwe nemazera anomiririrwa nemavara akasiyana anovaratidza.
Kuti uite izvi, zvidzidzo zvinoitwa munzvimbo yacho pachayo, pamwe nemifananidzo yemuchadenga inotorwa. Yekupedzisira inobatsira kuve nekuona kwakazara kuona kwepasi, nemamepu akawedzera uye akajeka akagadzirwa.
Edaphology inoenderana sei nejogirafi?
Kunyangwe ichiita sekunge chinhu chimwe chete icho chiri kutaurwa nezvacho, muchokwadi hachisi icho. Edaphology ndiyo sainzi inodzidza ivhu, nepo jogirafi (fizikisi) ndiyo sainzi inobata nekufunda pamusoro pePasi rose, uye mamiriro ekunze, nzvimbo, mhuka nemaruva zviri kuzvishandura.
Naizvozvo, kunyange hazvo zvakabatana, iwo maviri akasiyana sainzi. Mumwe nemumwe wavo anogona kutipa ruzivo rwakawanda nezvevhu, pamwe nekushanduka kwazvinoita nekufamba kwenguva.
Nhoroondo yeedaphology
Kupedzisa, isu tichaenda kukuudza iwe zvishoma nezve nhoroondo ye edaphology. Iyi sainzi yakatanga saizvozvi kuRussia Geographical College. Mariri, Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765), uyo anonzi ndiye baba wesainzi yeRussia, akapa hupenyu hwake kudzidzisa nekunyora nezvevhu sechinhu chinogara chichienderera mberi. Zvisinei, iye akatanga edaphology aive Russian geographer Vasily Dokuchaev (1846-1903), sezvo ari iye akatanga nheyo dzeJogirafi yevhu yakanzwisiswa sesainzi.
Mu 1883 Akaburitsa rake rekutanga basa pamusoro wenyaya: chirevo pamusoro pechidzidzo chaaizoita pakati pezvakasikwa, vachiongorora nekushandisa ruzivo rwavo kune ivhu dzakasiyana dzakawanikwa. Akarondedzera imwe neimwe yemhando idzi, akazvimisikidza, uye akagadzirawo nzira dzemifananidzo dzingashande kudzidza zvakawanda nezvevhu, hunhu hwadzo, uye nehukama hwavanadzo nemhuka nezvinomera zvinovafurira.
Sibirtev aive murume akaisa ivhu mumapoka matatu makuru: zonal, intrazonal uye azonal:
- Zonal: ndeavo vanogara munzvimbo hombe. Ivo vakagadziriswa zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekunze uye nemaruva. Mienzaniso: gwenga, mhepo, sango, lateritic, uye tundra ivhu.
- Intrazonal: idzi ivhu umo mamiriro ekunze asinga sarudze sezvimwe zvinhu, zvakaita sedombo, zviito zvevanhu, iyo nzvimbo yacho, nezvimwe. Mienzaniso: ine saline, yakasviba, ine humic uye carbonate ivhu.
- Azonal: idzi ivhu riri kuzara zvizere. Mienzaniso: alluvial, skeletal, uye coarse.
Dzimwe mbiru mbiri dzesainzi yevhu dzaive marbut (1863-1935) uye Kellog (1902-1980). Wekutanga aive muAmerican geographer uyo akaparadzira ruzivo rwaifanirwa kufambidzana nesainzi yevhu munyika yake, kuwedzera kune tsanangura kupatsanurwa kwevhu muzvikamu zvitanhatu zvinodaidzwa kuti maodha, madiki, mapoka, mhuri, akateedzana uye mhando. Yechipiri yakaramba ichienderera mberi nekuvandudzwa kwechikamu chakataurwa, zvinoenderana nematanho akagadzwa naDokuchaev muzuva rake.
Iwe wafungei nezvenyaya iyi?