Ndeipi chikamu chine rima chephotosynthesis?

Photosynthesis chiitiko chinongogona kudyarwa nemiti chete, uye pane mhuka dzese dzinovimba nekufema uye nekudaro dziripo. Kunyangwe vanhu vanowanzo funga kuti zvirimwa zvepasi rese ndizvo zvakakonzera hupenyu, chimwe chinhu chisinga shamise zvachose sezvo isu pachedu tiri venyika dzepasi uye vasiri vemvura, muchokwadi ndeavo vanogara mumakungwa, nzizi nematope zvinoburitsa chikamu chakakwirira yeiyi yakakosha gasi.

Asi chenjera, izvo hazvireve zvakanyanya kushoma kuti miti, miti yemichindwe, nezvimwewo hazvina kukosha ... nekuti ndizvo. Zvese zvakakosha. Uye kuwanda kwezvirimwa zviripo papasi, zvese zviri mumvura dzaro uye nekukwira kwepasi, ndiko kukura kwakasiyana kwehupenyu. Asi vanorarama sei? Zvakanaka, kushandura kabhoni dhayokisaidhi yakawanikwa kubva mumhepo kuita chikafu, panguva inozivikanwa se rima chikamu chephotosynthesis.

Chikamu cherima che photosynthesis chinoitwa sei?

Kunyangwe zita rayo richigona kutsausa, iko kuita kunoitika masikati neusiku muzvivakwa zvinonzi ma chloroplast. Muchikamu chino kunyanya ATP inotorwa (adenosine triphosphate), yakakosha pasimba uye NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) inova coenzyme yekutenda inosunga kabhoni dhayokisaidhi. Navo, mamwe makemikari maitiro anoitwa pavari, akapatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri:

Kugadziriswa kwekabhoni

Kunyangwe zvisingatsamire pachokwadi chekuti kune chiedza chezuva panguva iyoyo, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti pasina iyo yaisakwanisa kupihwa, nekuti mamwe maenzyme anobatanidzwa anoenderana nechiedza. Kana zvasvika pakugadzirisa kabhoni, zvirimwa zvinogona kuzviita nenzira dzakasiyana. Saizvozvo, Botanists vaona matatu CO2 gadziriso:

• C3 zvirimwa: ndiwo akajairika. Ivo vanozvigadzirisa panguva yeCalvin kutenderera (yatinozoona izvozvi), pasina kumbogadziriswa.
• C4 zvirimwa: Idzi ndidzo idzo umo kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, mushure mekuita nefossoenolpyruvate, inomutsa oxaloacetate, iyo inozove malate (4-carbon mamorekuru). Iyi malate ndiyo ichaendeswa mumaseru, uye uko iyo carbon dioxide inodiwa kune iyo Calvin kutenderera uye pyruvate ichagadzirwa.
• CAM inodyara: inowanikwa mumiti inonaka. Kugara kumatunhu ane tembiricha yakanyanya kukwirira, uye uko kune zvakare kunonaya, iyo stomata inoramba yakavharwa mukati mezuva kudzikisa kurasikirwa kwemvura. Husiku vanovhura, uye ndipo pavanotora CO2. Asi, semumiti yeC4, izvi zvinotanga kupa malate mushure mekuteedzana kwekushanduka kwemakemikari, ayo anopedzisira achipa iyo CO2 masikati. Mamwe mashoko pano.

Calvin kutenderera

Kutenderera kwaCalvin kunoitika panguva iyoyo carbon dioxide inoshandurwa kuita glucose, iyo inozoshandiswa nemuti kufema uye, zvakare, sosi yekabhoni. Ndicho chikamu chechipiri chephotosynthesis, uye chakanyanya kukosha kumhuka zhinji, nekuti nekuda kwayo chirimwa chinogona kuvapo, uye nekudaro chinoburitsa oxygen mazuva ese neusiku hwese.

Chikamu cherima che photosynthesis chinoitikira kupi?

Chikamu cherima inoitika mumakloroplast. Aya ndiwo maseru maseru anowanikwa mune eukaryotic zvipenyu, uye ane oval kana idenderedzwa chimiro. Basa rayo guru kushandurwa kwesimba kubva kuzuva kuita simba remakemikari, chimwe chinhu chinoitika panguva photosynthesis uye, kuva chaiwo, panguva yaro yerima chikamu.

Iyo inoumbwa nehamvuropu inoumbwa nemaviri membranes ayo ane pigments senge chlorophyll, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha kuitira kuti ikwanise kuzadzisa basa rayo.

Chii chimiro chechloroplast?

• Membrane yekunze: inokwanisika uye ine mapuroteni. Inozvichengeta ichipatsanurwa kubva kune cytoplasm.
• Kamukati kemukati: ine stroma, inova dunhu rine mvura.
• Kamudzira yetylakoid: mairi mune iyo thylakoids, ayo akafanana nemasaga akapetwa. Kana izvi zvarongedzwa, zvinoumba kusaswa.

Ndeipi basa rayo?

Photosynthesis inoitika mukati memakloroplast, zvese chikamu chayo chakareruka (gadzira ATP neNADPH mune tylokoid membrane), uye chikamu chine rima (kugadziriswa kwe carbon dioxide mu stroma). Asi kwete izvo chete, asi ivo zvakare vanogadzira amino acids uye vanoita mafuta acids, zvakakosha kuti zvirimwa zviwane chikafu. Neichi chikafu, kureva kuti, neaya makabhohaidhiretsi, shuga nesitashi, vane mukana wekukura, kukura uye kuburitsa mbeu yavo.

Saka pasina photosynthesis nyika yedu yaizosiyana zvakanyanya. Ndokusaka zviri nyore, pamwe nekunakidza, kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemiti yakatikomberedza, nekuti pasina ivo zvirokwazvo hapana mumwe wedu angave ari pano nhasi.

Tinovimba kuti izvo zvawakadzidza nezve chikamu chakasviba chephotosynthesis chakabatsira kwauri.