Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngohlobo lwesinambuzane esichaphazela ngqo umthi we-chestnut. Imalunga ne- Unomeva we chestnut. Igama layo lenzululwazi ngu Dryocosmus kuriphilus. Sisinambuzane esine-cinipedal esivela e-China kwaye saqala ukubonwa eSpain ngo-2012. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iye yasasazeka phantse kuyo yonke indawo yaseSpain. Luhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu lwesitshabalalisi kule mithi.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu, umjikelo wobomi kunye nonyango lwe-wasp chestnut.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Luhlobo lwesinambuzane esinabantu abadala ababalekayo ngexesha lasentwasahlobo. Ngeli xesha ke babeka amaqanda abo kwizikhupha zee-axils zamagqabi. Abantu abadala ngabantu ababhinqileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho mfuneko yokuba bachunyiswe ukuze bakwazi ukubeka amaqanda. Ngamnye kubo iyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angama-150. Obu buchule babafazi benza ukuba isityalo sikhule ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.
Phakathi kweempawu ulutsha olunazo kukuba zihlala zikwimo yemibungu kude kube lixesha lokudubula kunyaka olandelayo. Kulapha apho incindi iqala ukunyuka kwaye amagqabi amasebe aqala ukuhluma. Kulapho imibungu iphuma khona ngexesha lokulala ukuze itye ukutya okugcinwe emthini. Ingxaki ngolu hlobo lokondla kukuba zibangela uhlobo lwee-galls ezibangela ukuncitshiswa komphezulu wegqabi onokuthi ufotosynthesize ukuya kwisiqingatha. Le ngxaki, ukuhlasela umthi we-chestnut, awukuvumeli ukuba kwenziwe i-photosynthesis kakuhle.
Umlo webhayoloji ngokuchasene noxube lwe-chestnut
Njengoko sele sibonile, luhlobo lwesinambuzane ekunzima kakhulu ukusilawula. Oku kuthetha ukuba amayeza ahlukeneyo kufuneka enziwe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umlo ophumelelayo kuphela yinto yebhayoloji ngokukhupha olunye uhlobo lwesinambuzane esiyiparasitoid. Imalunga nenambuzane UTorymus sinensis. Indlela yokuyilawula iza kuba ifaka amaqanda ayo kwiigill kwaye zitya imibungu ye-chestnut wasp. Esi sisombululo sibandakanya ukufezekiswa kokukhutshwa kwabantu abadala ngexesha lokuhluma. Ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kweminyaka emi-6 ukuya kweli-8 yokusebenza kuyadingeka kulawo matyala osulelo oluninzi ukuze abe nakho ukufikelela kumlinganiso wabantu.
Oku kufanele ukuba kulindelwe kuba kukulawulwa kwendalo yonke kwendalo ngaphandle kweyeza lokubulala izitshabalalisi. Ngexesha lokufika kwezi zinambuzane zimbini, ukukhutshwa kwabantu abatsha akusekho mfuneko. Iziphumo zesinambuzane ziyeke ukusebenza ngokuchaphazela imveliso. Umzekelo wolu lawulo lwabemi lwenzekile eGalicia. Ukukhutshwa kuvavanyo lwesi sinambuzane separasitoid saqala ngonyaka ka 2015. Ngaphandle koku, indawo yokuqala kuthathwa njengonyaka ka 2018, kuba yayingunyaka apho baqala khona ukukhupha izinto ezinkulu.
Kutshanje eSpain kukhutshwe abavelisi abohlukeneyo, kunye neenkampani ezi-4 eSpain ezigunyazisiweyo ukuba zithengise izinambuzane eziyiparasitoid. Ke ngoko, ngokukwazi ukuyithengisa, oko kuthetha ukuba ukukhutshwa kunokwenziwa kwinqanaba elithile.
Ukukhupha iziphumo
Idatha elungileyo inokufumaneka kwiziphumo zokukhutshwa. Ukukhutshwa kuthathelwe ingqalelo kwaye uthotho lweesaveyi lwenziwa. Baqokelelwa kwayePhakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-10 gill yamanqaku angama-4.400 kunye neTorymus yafunyanwa kwakhona kuma-53 kubo. Apha kwafunyanwa abantu abali-146. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwezinambuzane ezisasaza isinambuzane kuvela kunomeva we-chestnut kunenqanaba lempumelelo le-3% kunyaka wokuqala. Kwakungunyaka wokuqala wokukhutshwa ngobuninzi, nto leyo esisiphumo esinethemba. Ukukhula okubonakalayo kwesi sinambuzane sisidambisi kulindeleke kwiminyaka ezayo ukuba Nceda ngcono ukulawula abantu be-chestnut wasp.
Phantse wonke ummandla woSingasiqithi weIberia uneendawo zokuvelisa i-chestnut. Kwezi ndawo kukho imithi ye-chestnut echaphazelekayo kwaye ukukhutshwa kwale parasitoid kuqhutywa kuninzi lwayo yonke imimandla ekhankanyiweyo.
Iindidi ezinganyangekiyo kunomeva we chestnut
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo ezinganyangekiyo kunomeva we-chestnut. Phakathi kwezokuqala sifumana iintlobo ezithile ezinganyamezelekiyo ezifana neNegral, iindidi ezomeleleyo, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-pollinator, okanye i-Longal, enye yezona ntlobo zifunwayo zeshishini lokulungisa. Ukusuka phakathi kwe- Ukunyamezelana kancinci sifumana uhlobo lwe De Parede okanye Ventura phakathi kwabanye. Akukho nanye kwezi ndidi zemveli zikwazileyo ukubonisa ukumelana ngokupheleleyo nesitshabalalisi.
Ke ngoko, ezinye izikhokelo zentsebenzo ziye zamiselwa ngokuchasene nesi sinambuzane. Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi ezona ndawo ziphambili zentshukumo:
- Awunyanzelekanga ukuba ususe isibindi. Kungenzeka ukuba ii-galls ezenziwe yi-chestnut wasp sele zihlala ngaphakathi kwi-parasitoid. Ke ngoko, sinokonakalisa olu hlobo lomlo webhayoloji. Kuya kufuneka sazi ukuba i-Torymus ihlala ikwimilambo eyomileyo de kube kuvela intwasahlobo elandelayo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba akufuneki zisuswe ngexesha lokuthena ebusika. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, amasebe athenwe angashiywa kwisiza ukuze izibungu ze-parasitoid ziphile.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane akucebisi. Sele kugqityiwe kwelokuba izinambuzane zokubulala izinambuzane azinampembelelo kwizonakalisi Ukongeza, banokuchaphazela i-parasitoid.
- Nkcenkceshela ngexesha lehlobo Lukhetho olufanelekileyo ukufezekisa ukukhula kwasemva kokuhamba kwenqwelomoya. Kwezi buds zinokuhluma ngaphandle kwesibetho kunyaka olandelayo enkosi kwezi zenzo.
- Kwimeko yokucoca, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ungayenzi ngexesha lasentwasahlobo. Kungenxa yokuba iTorymus itya umungu kunye nencindi kwaye ingasebenzisa lonke uhlaza njengendawo yokuhlala. Ukuba sifuna ukuba i-parasitoid ikwazi ukukhula phantsi kweemeko ezintle kwaye ilwe nesi sinambuzane, kungcono ukunqanda ukucoca ngexesha lasentwasahlobo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-chestnut wasp kunye nendlela yokulwa nayo.