I-African psylla pest iye yatshabalalisa izityalo ze-citrus ukususela ekuqaleni kwe-2000 kwi-Canary Islands kunye nonxweme lwe-Atlantic kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia. Sinambuzane esibhabhayo esinokubangela ukudityaniswa kwamagqabi, sithintele iphotosynthesis enciphisa isivuno seelamuni, phakathi kwezinye izinto. I Unyango lwe-psylla yaseAfrika akukho lula konke konke.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo ukuba uyazi malunga nesibetho kunye nokunyangwa kwe-psylla yaseAfrika.
Yintoni i-psylla yaseAfrika
Impembelelo yayo kwi-citrus kunye nezihlahla zokuhlobisa zimbini:
- umonakalo ngqo: Ukuxutywa kwamagqabi, ukukhubazeka, ukuthintela okanye ukuthintela i-photosynthesis ye-citrus; ukunciphisa isivuno selamuni esempilweni okanye iziqhamo.
- umonakalo ongathanga ngqo: Ukusasazeka kwezifo zesitrasi: HLB (Huanglongbing) okanye uhlaza, okukhokelela ekufeni kwemithi.
I-African psyllid sisinambuzane esibhabhayo sohlobo lweHemiptera yosapho lwePsyllidae, igama lenzululwazi: Trioza erytreae. Ukusukela ngo-2000 iye yachazwa njengeyona ntsholongwane inyanzelekileyo yokuvalelwa yedwa yi-European Union.
Ilizwekazi lemvelaphi yesi sinambuzane, iTrioza erytreae, yiAfrika. Ukusuka kummandla we-sub-Saharan, ulwandiso lwelizwekazi olungadibaniyo ngokuthe ngqo noLwandle lweMeditera. I-Madeira yindawo yokuqala eyamkelwayo ukuchaza ukuqaliswa kwe-psyllid yase-Afrika eYurophu. Ubukho bayo bafunyanwa ngo-1994. ESpeyin, indawo yokungena eyaziwayo ye-psylla yaseAfrika yasungulwa eValle Guerra (Tenerife) kwi-2002.
Ukwandiswa kwesi sinambuzane ngaselunxwemeni lweAtlantiki kuchaza ubukho bayo eGalicia ngexesha le-2014, ukubhalisa amatyala amaninzi ePontevedra naseA Coruña.
Amanyathelo achasene nesi sibetho
Phakathi kwamanyathelo athathiweyo ngokuchasene nesi sitshabalalisi ukuthintela ukusasazeka, sinokulandelayo:
- Ivalwe ukuthengiswa kwesitrasi eGalicia, phakathi kwamanyathelo amkelweyo ukumisa ukwandiswa kwe-Trioza erytreae.
- Phakathi konyaka we-2014 nowe-2015, I-Charter yaseGalicia yayinqanda ukuthengiswa kwe-citrus kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye neendawo ezinkulu zomhlaba.
- IManyano yaseYurophu inyanzelisa ukuvalelwa kwesi sitshabalalisi kwaye kuloo minyaka kulindeleke ukuba ihlale ubuncinci iminyaka emi-5.
- I-Xunta de Galicia yasusa ukuvalwa kokuthengiswa kwe-citrus ngo-2020, nangona ithathe uthotho lwamanyathelo ukuzama ukugcina imithi isempilweni kwiindawo zokuthengisa ngokwabo.
Iziphumo zesitshabalalisi kwi-citrus
I-Citriculture okanye ukulima kwe-citrus, ilinganise impembelelo ye-psyllid yase-Afrika kwiindawo zayo, iqala ngokubonakaliswa kokuqala kwesifo esisishiya ngasemva.
Umzekelo, siya kuhlala sibhekisa kwilizwe laseFlorida kunye nayo yonke imveliso ye-orenji kunye ne-citrus kulo mmandla wase-US, apho. uye wafumana i-74% yokunciphisa imveliso ukususela ekubeni isifo se-HLB safunyanwa okokuqala kwi-2005.
Ukuba sithatha umzekelo wesenzo esithe ngqo se-Trioza erytreae kwimithi ye-lemon, sinokuqonda impembelelo yayo kwi-citrus kunye nezihlahla zokuhlobisa (zonke iintlobo ze-Rutaceae) ezihambelana nayo kwaye zisebenze njengemikhosi.
IiPsyllids zibeka amaqanda azo kumagqabi emithi yelamuni. Zidla ngokubeka amaqanda azo ngaphantsi kwamagqabi e-citrus kumgca okhanyayo ohamba ngokunxusene nemithambo. Nangona kunjalo, uphawu olunye esinokulubona kwindawo efumileyo kukuba iipsyllids zisasaza amaqanda azo kuwo wonke umzantsi wamagqabi kunokuba ziwalungelelanise ahambelane nemithambo.
Zifunxa izinambuzane eziluma idermis yamagqabi kwaye zitya incindi yeziqhamo zesitrasi kunye nezityalo. Ukuqanduselwa kwamaqanda kuvelisa i-nymphs yezinambuzane, eziqokelela kwaye zizifake kwi-capsule yokukhusela kwaye ziqale ukufunxa incindi entsha emagqabini. Ezi capsules ziintsumpa ezahlukileyo okanye utshintsho emagqabini.
Yonke imithi yesitrasi ezaliswe kukuzala kwe-psylla yaseAfrika yaphulukana namandla okwenza ifotosynthesize ngenxa yokukhubazeka kunye nelahleko enkulu yamagqabi kwicanopy.
Ukongezelela, kwimeko yobuthathaka obukhulu, ukuhluma kwakhona kwamahlumela amatsha kufuna umgudu owongezelelweyo, kwaye unyaka nonyaka ukuthotywa komthi ngokwawo kubonwa, njengoko kuboniswa ngokulahleka kwemveliso ye-citrus. Nangona kunjalo, Isiphumo esithe ngqo se-psyllid yaseAfrika kwimithi yelamuni ayikholelwa ukuba inoxanduva lokufa okungenakulungiseka.
Unyango lwe-psylla yaseAfrika
Ngaloo ndlela, ngekhalenda yokulawula isifo egxile kunyango lokukhusela, ukuthenwa okulawulwayo kunye nokutya okunomsoco, kunokwenzeka ukuba iziqhamo ze-citrus zihambe ngexesha lomsebenzi omkhulu we-psyllid.
Sijongene nesinye sezona zinambuzane zilula ukuba zichongwe ngeliso lenyama. Amagqabi e-Citrus agcwele iintsumpa kunye nokukhubazeka, ukukhula okungahambi kakuhle, i-galls ... Ukongeza, uya kukwazi ukubona indlela amagqabi ngokuthe ngcembe aphulukana nombala oluhlaza kwaye ajike abe tyheli.
Ukuba sonke sinegadi yeziqhamo okanye umthi weziqhamo besicacile ngayo, imigibe echasene ne velutina lelinye lawona mayeza alungileyo okulwa unomeva waseAfrika kwizitiya zethu kunye neendawo zokutyala njengoko kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzala kwayo. Ngoko ke kufuneka sithathe indlela efanayo kwii-psyllids kumabhoma e-citrus.
Imigibe encangathi yeplastiki etyheli sisisombululo esilula sokunciphisa ukuziphatha kwazo naziphi na izinambuzane ezibhabhayo okanye ezitsibayo; ukusuka kwi-psyllids ukuya kwi-citrus leafminers, ngokusebenzisa i-aphids ezicaphukisayo okanye iimpukane ezimhlophe.
La umgibe chromatic lunyango lwe-psylla yaseAfrika:
- 20 × 15cm 50 amaphepha.
- Ifanelekile kwii-psyllids, zonke iintlobo zeempukane kunye neengcongconi, kunye nasiphi na isinambuzane esibhabha okanye esitsibayo ukusuka kwesinye isityalo ukuya kwesinye: i-aphids, i-leafminers ...
- I-adhesives imelana nokufuma kunye namaqondo okushisa aphezulu.
Ngombulelo kwimigibe enemibala uya kuba nakho ukuchonga izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo ezihlala zisenzeka kwizityalo zakho kwaye uthathe amanyathelo okuzikhusela ngokuchasene nazo okanye ubhenele kunyango oluphezulu nolusebenzayo lokubulala izinambuzane.
Esi senzo silula sisetyenziswa kwaye sinconywa kwimithi yesitrasi emhlabeni jikelele njengoko ivumela ukuba sazi izinambuzane ngokuthe ngqo nangaliphi na ixesha, kwaye sibambe imizekelo yokuhlalutya kwaye siqinisekise ukuba ngabathwali beebhaktheriya. Njengayo nayiphi na enye imveliso yokhuselo lwezityalo, naluphi na unyango lwesitshabalalisi ngokuchasene ne-psyllid yaseAfrika kufuneka lwenziwe ngokuhambelana nemiyalelo yomenzi.
Olunye unyango I-Aspid 50WP:
- Ibulala izinambuzane ngokudibana kunye nokungeniswa.
- Ilungele i-psyllids, i-leafminers, iimpukane ezimhlophe, iimopane, iimpukane zeziqhamo...
- Landela imiyalelo yokusetyenziswa enikezelwe ngumenzi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokunyangwa kwe-psylla yaseAfrika kunye neempawu zayo.