Namhlanje siza kuthetha nzulu malunga intshontsho. Yimbotyi etyiwa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela ngenxa yeempawu zayo zesondlo. Yeyosapho lwemidumba kwaye igama layo lenzululwazi ngu ICicer arietinum. Bayakwazi ukuhlala kwi-symbiosis kunye ne-bacteria ye-genus Rhizobium sp.. Ezi zii-microorganism ezikwaziyo ukulungisa i-nitrogen ekhoyo emoyeni kwisityalo nasemhlabeni.
Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi yonke into malunga ne-chickpea kubunzulu? Ukuba ufuna ukufunda indlela yokukhulisa ngayo, qhubeka ufunda 🙂
Iimpawu eziphambili
IChickpea iye yaziwa kwimbali yonke. Namhlanje kuye kwafunyanwa ukuba yimbotyi enomthamo omncinci wokulungisa initrogen yazo zonke. Xa kuthelekiswa neelentile okanye iimbotyi, iyakwazi ukulungisa isiqingatha. Ukongeza ekubeni nalo mthamo usezantsi, unovakalelo kakhulu ku isifo esibizwa ngokuba ngumgada (dvdimella robiei). Esi sifo senzeka ebusika. Ukuze bangasichaphazeli isityalo, amafama alibazisile ukutyala intshontsho ixesha elide. Ke ngoko, intsholongwane ye-symbiotic ibingenaxesha lokuphuhlisa nokuzalisekisa umsebenzi.
Iingcambu zawo zinzulu kakhulu kwaye unazo iziqu ezinamasebe nezinoboya. Isitshixo esiphambili sijikelezwe kwaye sinamadlala amaninzi. Ngokubhekisele kumasele, aqala ukuveliswa kwinqanaba lokuqala lokukhula. Amasebe aphambili avelisa ngakumbi kunamasebe esibini akhiwe nge-sub-node.
Amagqabi anokubakho njengeparipinnate kunye ne-odd-pinnate kwaye iintyatyambo zawo zodwa.
Ngenxa yobudlelwane be-symbiote obenza ukuba ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen kube nzima, umhla wokuhlwayela kufuneka unyuswe. Ngokulibazisa ngokupheleleyo, isivuno esisebenza ngakumbi sinokufezekiswa kwaye siyakuphepha ukubonakala kwezifo zezityalo.
Kufunyenwe ukuba Ukuchuma komhlaba kunye nenani le potassium enokufumaneka zizinto ezinemiqathango kwimveliso yenkukhu. Kwimithombo eyomileyo ichickpea esemgangathweni ophantsi iveliswa. Ukuba ukuxinana kokuhlwayela kwandisiwe, umgangatho wembewu uyehla.
Emva koko siza kuhlalutya umsebenzi wabo wokulima.
Umsebenzi wokulima ichickpea
Ichickpea ikhula emva kokutya okuziinkozo. Ke ngoko kuyenziwa ukunyuka emhlabeni malunga neesentimitha ezingama-20-30, njengesiqhelo. Umhlaba kufuneka ukhululeke ngaphandle kwamaqhuma.
Impazamo enye eyenziwa ngumfama kukwenza umsebenzi ongaphezulu kwalowo uyimfuneko. Oku kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi kwisityalo. Okwangoku, inyusa iindleko zedizili ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwetrektara. Iziphumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezimbi kukuba umaleko ocolekileyo womhlaba ocolekileyo, onothuli, wenziwa ngokutshatyalaliswa kwamalungu. Ezi zinto zidibeneyo zizakhiwo eziye zadinga iminyaka emininzi ukwenziwa kwazo.
Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kudlule umngxuma onomthi okanye into ethile evumela ukuba umgangatho ube mpuluswa ngokupheleleyo. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba umhlaba ube tyaba ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle kwamagade okanye imiphetho. Oku kuququzelela kakhulu wonke umsebenzi kwaye kunceda ekusetyenzisweni nasekusebenzeni kweyeza.
Nguwuphi umgquba owufunayo?
Ngamashumi amahlanu I-300-400 kg / ha yesichumiso esimbaxa yayisetyenziswa ukusuka kwi-9-18-27. Emva kweminyaka yophando kwizityalo ze-chickpea, kuye kwagqitywa kwelokuba akukho mahluko. Ngamanye amagama, imveliso efanayo inokufunyanwa kumhlaba ohlawulelweyo njengakwenye engekhoyo.
Kwizityalo apho kungcwatywa khona iindiza zesityalo esingaphambili, kungenzeka ukuba iintsholongwane zomhlaba, ezikhuthazwa leli galelo longezelelekileyo lezinto eziphilayo, zande kwaye zikhuphisane nge nitrogen esele ikho nezityalo. Ichickpea esandula ukuntshula ayinako ukubonelela ngokhuphiswano olukhulu xa kufikwa kumba wokulungisa initrogen. Le meko yongezwa kwinto yokuba iintsholongwane Rhizobium sp. zizidleleli ngexesha lesigaba sokufakwa kwesityalo.
Ngezi zizathu, amafama asasaza uxinizelelo lwesichumiso senitrogen kuyo yonke intsimi. Kuyacetyiswa malunga ne-20-30kg kwihektare nganye. Ngokusetyenziswa kwezi zondlo zisisiseko, imveliso iyanda kwaye inzuzo iyanda. Lo mbhalisi wenziwe ngendlela yesiNtu.
Unonophelo kunye neemfuno
Ichickpea iyamelana nembalela. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna ukufuma okwaneleyo ukuze imbewu ihlume. Ngokwesiqhelo basebenzisa amanzi aqokelelwe emhlabeni kwiimvula ukuqala ukuntshula. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unkcenkceshele ngakumbi, uyakuxabisa.
Ngokubanzi, ukunkcenkceshela kuphucula isivuno kunye nenani leemidumba, ke uya kuba neziqhamo ezininzi. Obona bushushu buchpea kuluhlu oluphakathi kwama-25 nama-35 degrees. Nangona iyakwazi ukuhluma nge-10 degrees, iya kwenza kancinci kakhulu.
Ngokumalunga nohlobo lomhlaba, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uyihlwayele kwimihlaba e-siliceous enobumba okanye yodongwe olunobumba. Kulungile ukuba umgangatho awunayo udaka. Ukuba kukho udongwe olugqithisileyo, lunokuvelisa uhlobo loburhabaxa kulusu lwembewu. Ukuba umhlaba otyalwe kuwo une-gypsum, siya kufumana i-chickpeas ezikumgangatho ophantsi ngokubanzi. Ezi aziyi kufaneleka ekhitshini kwaye kuya kuba kubi kakhulu ukupheka. Kwelinye icala, ukuba umhlaba ungagqitywanga into ephilayo, iya kuyichaphazela kakubi intshontsho.
Iminyaka enobubele ye-chickpea ihambelana neyona mvula. Ukuba loo mvula igxile entwasahlobo, kungcono kakhulu. Umhlaba olinywe ngokunzulu ulunge ngakumbi kuwo, kuba inkqubo yawo yengcambu ikhule ngakumbi kwaye iyamelana nembalela.
Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ungaphindi ukulima kumhlaba omnye kude kudlule iminyaka emine. Imihlaba ejolise emazantsi nasentshona zezona zicetyiswayo. Nangona bafuna ukufuma ukuze bakhule, ayilunganga ukuba igcinwe. Iyabuthathaka kakhulu ityuwa, ke kuya kufuneka ulumkele umhlaba kunye nokunkcenkceshela amanzi. Umhlaba weAirier ungcono.
Ngokubhekisele kwi-pH, eyona nto iphakathi kwe-6 kunye ne-9 ibonakalisiwe.
Iindyikitya zokufa nezifo
Inambuzane apho i-chickpea iphantsi kwayo kwinkumba. Nangona kungekho zindlela zokuyisusa (kwaye incinci ukuba isekhona), ayisiyongozi isityalo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, olona lawulo lweenkumba lisebenzisa izithiyelo ezine-metaldehyde njengesixhobo esisebenzayo, ukuba nje esi sinambuzane siyasebenza kwaye batya izithiyelo.
Esinye isilwanyana sisiphondo (IDichelops furcatus). Le nambuzane ayichaphazeli ii-chickpeas nokuba, zibalekela kuphela kwimidumba. Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane anokusebenza kubo.
Izifo zihambelana nezibhaktheriya ze-symbiotic.
Njengoko ubona, i-chickpea inobuzaza kwaye kufuneka unonophele kakhulu kukhathalelo lwayo ukuze ufumane iziqhamo ezisemgangathweni.