Igwele, i-algae kunye nefungus, ngokudibeneyo ukuze zisinde

Njengoko sibonile kwisithuba esedlule malunga ubulembu, Bafuna iimeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo ukuze bakwazi ukuphila kakuhle kwaye bavelise ngokufanelekileyo de ikoloni yommandla.

I-lichen sisiphumo sobudlelwane phakathi kwe-alga kunye nefungus. Nangona kunjalo, oososayensi, emva kweminyaka emininzi befunda i-lichen, ndifumene ukufumanisa okutsha: kobo budlelwane babini, kukho eyesithathu, igwele. Kwenzeka njani ukuba emva kweminyaka emininzi yokufunda izazinzulu zingabuboni ubukho begwele kobu budlelwane?

Ubudlelwane obuhambelana phakathi kwe-alga kunye nefungus

Ngokuqinisekileyo wakha walibona iliwa elinamabala ebusweni balo ebomini bakho. Ibala elinemibala eyahluka phakathi komnyama, omdaka, orenji okanye luhlaza. Uye wakwazi ukubona la mabala eluphahleni, ezindlwini ezindala, emithini, njl. Ezi ndawo uzibonileyo zi-lichen ezenziwa ngumbutho phakathi kwe-alga kunye nefungus.

Kwindalo kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. Sifumana izidalwa eziphilayo ezinesakhono phakathi kwazo, ezinye zizidudu kunye nabanye abanobudlelwane izibonelelo zombini. Ngaphezulu kwesciosis, elona gama lifanelekileyo lobuchwephesha kukuvumelana. Ukubambisana bubudlelwane phakathi kwe-alga kunye nefungus ezenza i-lichen apho amaqela amabini azuza kubudlelwane. Yintoni eningayifumana nobabini kolu lwalamano?

Kubomi beqhwa, i-algae idlala indima ebalulekileyo ye yenza ifotosinthesisi ukuze ikwazi ukubonelela ngezinto eziphilayo kwifungus. Siphumle kancinci ukuba sichaze ukuba iifungi azizizo izinto ezizimeleyo, oko kukuthi, abahlanganisi ukutya kwabo njengezityalo. Amakhowa afuna ukutya okune-organic ukuze ondle. Le nto iphilayo inegalelo kwi-algae ngexesha lefotosinthesis. Ukubuyisela ubabalo kulwandle lwaselwandle, umngundo uthabatha amanzi kunye neetyiwa zetyuwa ezivela kwindawo ahlala kuyo, akukhathaleki nokuba yome kangakanani, kwaye iyinika ukhuselo nxamnye nokuchazwa.

Njengoko sibona, olu lwalamano luya lusomelela ngokomelela. Zombini ziphumelela kwaye zilawula ukusinda kwimeko enzima kakhulu.

Zibaluleke kangakanani i-lichen?

Sibonile ubudlelwane ukuba i-algae kunye nefungi kufuneka zikwazi ukwenza i-lichen. Kodwa sisebenzisa ntoni i-lichen? Ubulembu busetyenziswe kwimbali ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo esizifumana sikuzo:

• I-manna lichen, ekhula eMantla e-Afrika nakwiiCanary Islands, inokusetyenziswa njengokutya. KwiNyakatho yePole, i-reindeer kunye ne-caribou zondla kwi-lichens.
• Kushishino lwamayeza abaziqhelileyo fumana i-antibiotics, i-vitamin C, kunye nedayi, njengelitmus.
• Kwizithambiso zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha izitshixo kunye neziqholo.

Ndifuna ukukhankanya ukuba ubushenxisa busetyenziswa namhlanje njenge izikhombisi zongcoliseko. Njengoko sibonile kwiposti engaphambili ekhankanywe ngaphambili, i-lichen ifuna iimeko ezithile zemozulu kunye ne-biotic ukuze iphile. Zisengozini kumaqondo obushushu, imvula, ukufuma, ubukho bamarhamncwa, njl. Ewe, lo mzimba usebenza njengesalathisi sokungcola. Ukuba sesichengeni samasuntswana anqunyanyisiweyo abangelwa kukungcoliseka komoya okanye ngamanzi nongcoliseko lomhlaba, ubulembu abukhuli kwezi ndawo. Ke ngoko, ukuba sibona ukuba indawo ihlangabezana neemeko ezifanelekileyo zokuba i-lichen iphile kakuhle, ukanti asiyiboni, iyakusixelela ukuba le ndawo ingcolile.

Igwele njengenxalenye yesithathu yobudlelwane

Siye sabona ukuba i-lichen iqukethe ntoni kwaye isebenzise ntoni ebantwini. Nangona kunjalo, ubungacinga ntoni ukuba bendinokuxelela ukuba i-algae kunye nefungus ayizizo zodwa ezikhoyo kubudlelwane obenza i-lichen? Ukusukela ebomini, ezikolweni, kumaziko kunye nasezidyunivesithi, nanini na xa kufundwa i-lichen, baqala ngokuchaza ukuba bubudlelwane be-algae kunye nefungus. Kodwa izifundo zamva nje qinisekisa ukuba kukho into yesithathu kulwalamano: igwele.

Kwiplanethi kukho ngaphezulu kwe-15.000 yeentlobo zamachaphaza kwaye zonke zifundwe ngesiseko sokuba ziziphumo zobudlelwane phakathi kwe-algae kunye nefungus. Kodwa namhlanje, mhlawumbi lixesha lokuqala ukutshintsha lo mbono. Igwele liyinxalenye yale Consortium phakathi kwe-algae kunye nefungus njengenxalenye yelichen. Izazinzulu azibanga nako ukufumanisa ubukho beli qhinga ngaphambi kokusebenzisa iiglasi zokuhlalutya ezinamandla kunye nasemva kweenkulungwane kunye nezizukulwana zezifundo.

Abafumanisi beli candelo lesithathu lobudlelwane bebekhona Umphengululi wophando lwasemva kwesithuba uToby Spribille kunye noogxa bakhe abaphuma kwiiyunivesithi zaseMontana eMissoula, Uppsala (Sweden), Graz (Austria), ePurdue (USA) kunye neCanada Institute for Advanced Research eToronto. Ukwenza oku kufumanisa, zisetyenziswe kubunzulu, ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa okunamandla kwemikroskopu, ngokujongwa kwe-genomic.

Uphononongo lwee-lichen eziyityhefu kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo

Oku kufunyenwe bekukwiphepha lemagazini inzululwazi kwaye ucinga zonke inguquko kwinto eyayisaziwa malunga nobulembu kunye nokuziphatha kwabo, ukusinda, ubudlelwane, i-phenology, njl. Oku kuphakamisa inkxalabo kwizazinzulu malunga nokuvavanya lonke ulwazi kunye nokucinga okukhoyo (nkqu eyona isisiseko) malunga nendlela eyakheke ngayo i-lichen, malunga nendlela abasinda ngayo, eyiphi indima into edlalwa lulwalamano, malunga nokuba ngubani odlala eyiphi indima. , kunye neminye imiba.

Ngokucacileyo, phantse zonke izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu, yayingeyiyo eyona nto ifundwayo. Inkuthazo yezazinzulu yayikukufumanisa ukuba kutheni iintlobo ezimbini zamachaphaza zinxibelelene kwaye zihlala kwindawo enye zinomahluko omkhulu: enye inetyhefu kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo kwaye enye ayisiyiyo. Uhlalutyo lwe-DNA lwaluyenze nzulu imfihlelo, kuba ezi ndidi zimbini zazinee-genome ezifanayo. Okanye kubonakala ngathi.

Igwele lafunyanwa kubulelwa i-lichen ye-DNA

Ukucacisa oku kufunyanisiweyo, kufuneka kuchazwe ezinye izinto zebhayoloji yeemolekyuli. Siqala kuba izakhi zofuzo zenziwe nge-DNA, kodwa ukuze kusebenze ezi zofuzo, kufuneka kuvulwe i-helix ephindwe kabini yeziseko ze-nitrogen kwaye ikopi yolunye lwemicu yayo kufuneka isuswe. Le kopi siyikhuphileyo kwi-helix ephindwe kabini ayisiyi-DNA kuba inentambo enye kuphela, yiyo loo nto siyibiza ngokuba yi-RNA. Ke ngoko, ukuba umntu ujonga le strand yeRNA, ujonge ngokungathanga ngqo kwimfuza esebenzayo kwiseli.

Yile nto ibisenziwa ngaba bazinzulu. Bahlalutya i-RNA yezi ntlobo zimbini ze-lichen, ukuze baqonde ukuba kutheni enye inetyhefu kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo kwaye enye ingenjalo. Ngokuqinisekileyo ngokulandelelana kwe-RNA banokufumana unobangela wale meko. Emva kohlalutyo lwee-RNAs, kwafunyanwa umahluko ophawuleka kakhulu: Kwaye i-RNA ibingahambelani kuphela nefungus eyaziwa kwi-symbiosis, kodwa nakolunye uhlobo lomngundo, igwele. Le yeast iye yaqapheleka kwaphela kangangesiqingatha sezifundo. Ukongeza, iintlobo zobulembu obabuyityhefu kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo zazininzi kakhulu kunegwele kuneentlobo ezazingeyityhefu.

Kuhlalutyo lwangaphambili lolunye uhlobo lwe-lichen, le yeast ibingahoywanga ngenxa yokuba zincinci iiseli kolu lwalamano. Sifumana ikopi enye okanye ezimbini ze-DNA kwiseli nganye. Nangona kunjalo, sele kufunyenwe ukuba ezinye ii-genes zazo ziyasebenza kwaye zinokwenza amakhulu okanye amawaka eekopi zeRNA kwi-DNA nganye. Esi yayisisitshixo sempumelelo. Kwaye, yilegwele echaza ukuba kutheni enye i-lichen inetyhefu kwaye enye ayisiyiyo, ngaphandle kwento yokuba ziyafana kuyo yonke enye into.

Isifundo se-lichen kwihlabathi liphela

Oku kufunyanwa kunokwenziwa kwi-lichen yaseMontana ukufumanisa ukuba kutheni enye inetyhefu kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo kwaye enye ingenjalo, ngaphandle kokuba ne-genome efanayo. Nangona kunjalo, Abaphandi bajonge ubukho beli gwele kubulembu kwihlabathi liphela. Ukusuka eJapan ukuya eAntarctica ngeLatin America okanye e-Ethiopia. Njengoko bekulindelekile, icandelo lesithathu lobu budlelwane bokubambisana lifunyanwa kuwo onke amachaphaza amnyama emhlabeni. Liyinxalenye exhaphakileyo lesifo seSciiosis esidumileyo kwibhayoloji.

Ke ukusukela ngoku ukuya phambili, xa sichaza i-lichen, Simele sitsho ukuba bubudlelwane obunxulumene phakathi kwe-alga, i-fungus kunye negwele (nangona igwele ngokwalo luhlobo lwefungus), kuba le yeast ibikhona kuyo yonke i-lichen kuyo yonke imbali, nangona kunjalo, ibifihliwe kuzo zonke iiglasi zokuphakamisa izazinzulu ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-100. Inzululwazi ziye zafumanisa ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa khange ziqonde ngaphambili.