Ihlathi elipholileyo

Imozulu, ububanzi, ukuphakama kunye nobushushu zizinto eziguquguqukayo ezimisela uhlobo lotyani olukhula endaweni. Kwiplanethi yethu kukho indawo enkulu yehlathi ethe saa kulo mmandla. Kuxhomekeka kwizinto esizikhankanyileyo ngaphambili, ezi ntlobo zamahlathi zineempawu ezithile okanye ezinye. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ihlathi elipholileyo. Njengoko igama labo libonisa, bangamahlathi aqhelekileyo kwimimandla enemozulu epholileyo. La mahlathi akhona kumantla nakumazantsi e-hemispheres.

Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, isiqabu, indawo, iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana zehlathi elipholileyo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

La mahlathi abonakala ikakhulu kwimimandla enemozulu epholileyo. Apha ngesiqhelo ifayile ye Amaqondo obushushu aphakathi ngonyaka ajikeleze iidigri ezili-18. Imvula yeyona nto iphambili ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa kumiselwa ihlathi. Uhlobo lohlaza olukhula kolu hlobo lwamahlathi lufuna imvula ephakathi enobude obuphakathi ngokuphakathi. Kule meko, amaxabiso phakathi kwama-600 mm kunye nama-2000 mm ngonyaka.

Kule meko, iimeko zinokwahluka kakhulu kwizibonelelo nakwimpawu zejografi. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho iindawo ezinamahlathi apholileyo anokufuma okuphezulu kunezinye. Ngokwesiqhelo amaxabiso okufuma aphakathi kwama-60-80%. Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana ezikhula kumahlathi afudumeleyo zixhomekeke kwiintlobo ezininzi kunye nobudlelwane bazo nendalo.

Umaleko lohlaza lwamahlathi

Into yokuqala ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kuphuhliso lwehlathi elipholileyo ubudlelwane bobomi kunye neearhente ze-abiotic. Oko kukuthi, zombini izilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana zihambelana nomnye kunye nommandla wazo. Ijografi yommandla ikwalungiswa yimeko zemozulu ezikhoyo. Yile ndlela yokuma komhlaba ibangela ukukhula kunye nokukhula kwamanqanaba amahlanu otyani ehlathini elipholileyo. Makhe sihlalutye ukuba zeziphi ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Uluhlu lokuqala lwe-moss kunye ne-lichen. Ngokwesiqhelo lo maleko usemhlabeni kwaye uxhomekeke kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokufuma kwendalo.
• Uluhlu lwesibini lwengca nezityalo ezinwabuzelayo. Le nxalenye yeentyatyambo ikhula ngenxa yesenzo selanga esiwela emhlabeni. Ezi zityalo zondla nokufuma kobume bendalo ukuze zikwazi ukukhula.
• Inqanaba lesithathu lamatyholo ahlala eblueberries okanye amaqunube amnyama. Kukho nezinye iintlobo zemithi engathwali siqhamo.
• Uluhlu lwemithi emincinci. Olu luhlu luhlala luphakamile kwaye yile mithi mincinci iphantse ibe li-10 ukuya kwi-20 ubudala. Le mithi iqala ukuba ngumthunzi kunye ne-morphology ye-ecosystem changes.
• Uluhlu olukhulu lomthi. Ngumaleko wokugqibela onemithi emikhulu ejikeleze i-60 yeenyawo ubude.

Umhlaba wehlathi elipholileyo unezinga eliphezulu lokuchuma kwaye utyebile ngezondlo. Kungenxa yokuba zinentaphane yemithi enqabileyo. Kuba ukuwa kwamagqabi kwenziwa kakhulu, igalelo lezinto eziphilayo ezibolayo emhlabeni liphezulu. Inani elikhulu lamasebe nawo ayawa kwaye konke oku kubangela imisebenzi ephezulu yebhayoloji. Izinto ezininzi eziphilayo zondla kwezi zinto zibolayo zibolayo ezinceda ukulinganisa i-ikhosistim.

Izilwanyana eziphakathi kwehlathi

Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, amahlathi ahlala kwiindawo ezinkulu ezibonakaliswa kukuninzi kwemvula nokufanayo. Amaqondo obushushu kwezi ndawo aqhele ukulandela amaxesha onyaka. Sinokubona izibonelelo ezahluke kakhulu omnye komnye. Ihlathi elipholileyo lidla ngokubonakala kancinane phambi kwee-taiga. Kuqhelekile ukudida i-taiga kunye namahlathi ashushu kuba nawo aneempawu ezifanayo. Indlela yokwahlula ngokulula kukuba ayisixhamli njengamanye amahlathi kwaye ine-canopy engaphantsi kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba singasibona isibhakabhaka ukusuka kumxholo ongaphantsi.

Ezi mpawu zichaze imeko yokukhula kunye nokukhula kwezilwanyana kwaye ziye zaqhelana nale mimandla. Kwihlathi elipholileyo kukho izilwanyana ezithilebanoxanduva lokuzingela nokulawula abantu abanjengengcuka. Izilwanyana zehlathi elipholileyo zahlukile. Ayifani nakumahlathi akweleenjiko kuba iimeko zikhona ezintle. Ezinye zeentlobo zalo zemveli ziyalala ebusika ngexa leqabaka ukuze zibalekele ingqele ebulalayo ebusika. Ezi ntlobo zivela entwasahlobo kwaye ziqhubeke nobomi bazo.

Uninzi lwezi zilwanyana alubonakali ixesha elininzi lonyaka njengoko bakwimingxunya yabo yokufihla intloko. Kukho nezinye iintlobo ezinemikhwa yasebusuku kunye nezinye ezifihliweyo kumayeza. Kodwa kukho inani elikhulu lezilwanyana ezinje ngeentaka, izinambuzane kunye neempuku, kunye nezinto ezinkulu ezitya ingca ezinje ngexhama, ingulube yasendle, ielk kunye nexhama, phakathi kwezinye. Kukho abazingeli abanolwazelelelo njengengcuka kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezirhamncwa zimbini zinjalo Iibhere, iikati zasendle kunye neempungutye. Kuqhelekile ukufumana oonomatse, iisalamanders kunye nemithi yeenkuni kwezi zinto zendalo.

Izityalo, isiqabu nendawo

Ii-sequoia yimithi emikhulu eyintyatyambo yamahlathi afudumeleyo kwaye uninzi lweentlobo zazo lubalasele kumahlathi aqaqambayo. Zilungelelaniswe nokufika kwengqele kwaye zikulungele ukusinda kwiqabaka nakwiingxangxasi zekhephu. Kwamanye amahlathi afudumeleyo sinokufumana ii-conifers ezinophawu oluphambili lokuba namagqabi ngohlobo lweenaliti ukuze uphile ngcono kwezi ndawo. Kuxhomekeka kubuninzi beentlobo zezityalo, sinokufumana amahlathi apholileyo okanye amahlathi apholileyo.

Kuqhelekile ukuthetha ngamahlathi axubekileyo apho kufumaneka khona i-broadleaf leaf kunye ne-evergreen evergreen. Kula mahlathi kukho iintlobo ezinje ngee sequoia ezo yimithi emikhulu ekwazi ukufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-275 ukuphakama Kuwo wonke amawaka eminyaka yobukho. Ezinye zezinye iintlobo ezaziwa ngcono zi-maple, i-spruce, i-fir, kunye nemithi yembewu efana ne-walnut.

Ukukhululeka kwehlathi elipholileyo kuhlala kukhula kumathafa, iintlambo okanye iintaba ngokungacacanga. Kuxhomekeka nje kummandla wejografi. Apho kufunyanwa khona inani elikhulu labemi lisethafeni kuba kukusebenzisa eli thuba ukuphucula ukutyeba komhlaba. Singawafumana la mahlathi kuzo zombini iihemispheres. Zikhula kufutshane neendawo zePolar ezinje ngeAlaska. Amahlathi afudumeleyo afumaneka kwi IYurophu, iAsia, iScandinavia, iNgilani, iFinland neKhanada, phakathi kwabanye.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nehlathi elipholileyo kunye neempawu zalo eziphambili.