Phakathi kwezona biomes zahluke kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu yile ihlathi elishisayo. Luhlobo lwehlathi elenziwe yimimandla yezinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo kulo lonke umgca we-intertropical. Amahlathi akweleenjiko anezinto eziphilayo ezifana namahlathi okanye amahlathi ashinyeneyo anjengeAmazon neCongo. Igama lamahlathi ashinyeneyo kunye nehlathi elitshisayo liyafana kodwa kukho iimeko ezithile apho igama elithi ihlathi lisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kubume beendawo ezipholileyo nezibandayo. Kwelinye icala, xa kwakusetyenziswa eli gama, lalidla ngokusetyenziselwa ihlathi elishinyeneyo.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, imozulu, iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana zehlathi elishisayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Olu hlobo lwamahlathi lubonakala ikakhulu ngokuba nolwakhiwo lwezityalo ezintsonkothileyo. Kukho uluhlu lwee-arboreal strata eziqala ukusuka ngaphantsi apho kukho amayeza kunye namatyholo. Kukwakho neepiphytic ezininzi kunye nezityalo ezinyukayo. Njengoko isasazeka ihlathi kubunzulu sinokubona izityalo ezinobungakanani obukhulu kunye namagqabi amakhulu. Inezinto ezininzi ezahlukileyo zezityalo ezinemithambo, ubulembu, ubulembu, izilwanyana kunye nefungi. Kuninzi lwala mahlathi kukho isakhiwo esintsonkothileyo esenziwe ngee-biotypes ezininzi kunye neendlela ezininzi. Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba zonke ezi zityalo zisixhenxe zinxulunyaniswa nokwahluka okukhoyo ekukhanyeni nakumswakama.
Siyazi ukuba kuyo yonke indalo yomhlaba, ihlathi elishisayo lelona linezinto ezininzi eziphilayo. Kuba kukho imeko yendalo esingqongileyo efanelekileyo kwisixa esikhulu sezondlo kunye nentabalala yezinto eziphilayo, iyantlukwano isasazeka ngokulula. Uninzi lwelizwe elinokwahluka kukwiindawo ezikweleenjiko okanye imimandla yazo eyahlukileyo ikule ndawo. Sichaza ukuba a Ihektare yamahlathi akweleenjiko inokubamba iindidi zezityalo ezingama-2.250 XNUMX ngaphezulu kwe-1.000 XNUMX kuyo yimithi.
Kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, izinambuzane zezona ntlobo ziphambili kwezi zinto ziphilayo. Yonke le biodiversity iyenzeka kumahlathi ashinyeneyo kuba kukho iimeko ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngokufumaneka kwamanzi kunye nobushushu obufanelekileyo phantse unyaka wonke. Kwezinye izinto eziphilayo kuhlala kukho ukusikelwa umda okuthintela ukusasazeka kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Ubomi kwihlathi elishisayo
Nangona kukho ukwahlukahlukana okukhulu kukho ukhuphiswano olukhulu iveliswa phakathi kweentlobo ezilawulayo ukuze kungabikho kongamela. Izixhobo zendalo zihlala zikhona kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba kuya kufuneka ukhuphisane ukuze ube nomhlaba. Zonke ezi meko zobomi kwihlathi elishisayo zikhuthaza ubukho benani elikhulu leentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kodwa linenani eliphantsi labantu ngokweyunithi nganye. Oko kukuthi, sinokufumana abantu beentlobo ezininzi kodwa bambalwa abantu kuhlobo ngalunye.
Kwelinye icala, ulwakhiwo lwezityalo lwahluke ngokupheleleyo. Ilula kakhulu. Singafumana imithana enameva kwiindawo ezomileyo ngelixa amahlathi afumileyo entsonkothe ngakumbi. Ubunzima bobume bezityalo buya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezithile zokusingqongileyo. Ukuba sihlalutya ubume bameva asisiseko, sinokubona umgca ongezantsi kunye nomaleko omnye wemithi ephantsi. Ukuba sihlalutya amahlathi ashinyeneyo, anamafu kunye nama-semi-deciduous, sibona ukuba ubume bawo bunzima kakhulu kwaye bunokwahluka ngokuthe nkqo nangokuthe tye.
Kwihlathi elishisayo kuhlala kukho imigangatho emi-2 okanye emi-3 yokufikelela kuphahla oluphezulu lwemithi. Ngaphezulu kwezi yimithi evelayo enyukela ngaphezu kophahla. Ukuzinziswa komhlaba kwihlathi elishisayo nelifudumeleyo kunqanaba lomhlaba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70 yeemitha ukuphakama.
Ukutshintshwa kwamahlathi ashushu
Amahlathi akweleenjiko antsonkothe ngakumbi kuba anemihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo nengekho nzulu. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba izakha-mzimba ezifunekayo ukugcina ezi zixhobo ziphezulu zixhomekeke kutyani nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Izondlo zigcina umjikelo ovaliweyo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nenkunkuma yomhlaba. Siyazi ukuba indima yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo, ifungi, ibhaktiriya kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ibaluleke kakhulu. Zizo ezibolayo ezigcina zinegalelo kwizinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kukho uthungelwano lwe-mycorrhizae kunye nefungi yefungi edityaniswe kwiingcambu zezityalo. Ezi mycorrhizae Bavumela ukwandisa ukufunxeka kwezondlo ngobunzima bemifuno.
Ukuhlala kwihlathi elishisayo kufuneka umntu abe neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziqhelanisa neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Izityalo ezihlala kwezi nkqubo zintsonkothileyo zinolungelelwaniso olukhoyo ngoku. Phakathi kwabo sibona ukukhanya kokukhanya ngaphakathi ehlathini kunye nokufuma. Ukuxinana kakhulu, ukunqongophala kokukhanya kunokuba yingxaki kumaleko asezantsi. Izityalo ezingaphantsi komhlaba zihlala zinamagqabi abanzi kodwa umphezulu unyanzelekile ukuba usebenzise ukukhanya okuncinci kwaye wenze i-photosynthesis. Olunye uhlengahlengiso kukunyuka kwezityalo. Ukunyuka kwezityalo kuninzi apha kuba zinokusondela kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okukhulu.
Amagqabi aphezulu akhona phakathi kwemithi ngentla kwe-canopy zincinci kwaye zi sclerotic. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa umonakalo onokubangelwa yimitha yokukhanya njengoko inamandla kakhulu kwaye iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kunangaphakathi kwehlathi. Ukufuma okugqithileyo kula mahlathi kudala ingxaki kwinkqubo yokuguquka kwezityalo. Ezinye izityalo zivelise ezinye iindlela ezifana nokuhambisa amanzi okanye ukugxotha amanzi alulwelo ngamagqabi. Ezi nkqubo zikhokelela kwiimvakalelo zokunyuka kokufuma.
sezulu
Okokugqibela siza kwenza uphononongo olufutshane lwemozulu yala mahlathi. Imozulu ikhetha ukuba yetropiki kwaye zibonakaliswa ngokuba neqondo lobushushu rhoqo unyaka wonke. Ikwanamanye amanqanaba emitha yelanga ephezulu kunye nemvula ephezulu nawo unyaka wonke. Le meko izinzileyo yokusingqongileyo ikwanceda ukuxhasa ukukhula kobomi.
Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngemozulu enetha ye-ikhweyitha kunye nemozulu yeetropiki ezi-bi. Eyokuqala ibonisa ubushushu obufudumeleyo kunye Imvula ephezulu enamanqanaba afikelela kwi-16.000 mm ngonyaka. Ixesha lexesha elinexesha lemvula kunye nelinye ikhowa elinomyinge wonyaka omalunga ne-4.000 mm.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nehlathi elishisayo kunye neempawu zalo.