Iiseli zezilwanyana nezityalo ziyahluka ngeendlela ezithile. Umahluko ophambili kukuba iseli yesityalo inayo ii-chloroplast kwaye isilwanyana asenzi njalo. Ii-chloroplast zii-organelles ezinkulu ngokubanzi ezikhoyo kwiiseli zezityalo. Ngokubanzi, iseli lamagqabi linokugcina phakathi kwama-chloroplast angama-20 ukuya kwayi-100. Ezi organelles zinomsebenzi okhethekileyo esiza kubona kweli nqaku.
Siza kuchaza yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nee-chloroplast, imisebenzi yazo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwihlabathi lezityalo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Siza ukuhlalutya iimpawu eziphambili ezi organelles. Sifumana i-morphology eguqukayo. Kukho ukujikeleza, i-elliptical kunye nezinye iimilo ezinzima. Iseti yee-chloroplast kwifom yeseli yaziwa ngokuba yiplatidium. Ngaphakathi kwiplatidium kukho i-DNA ene-250 yemfuza apho i-ribosomal RNA, ukuhambisa i-RNA kunye ne-RNA yomthunywa. Le yokugqibela yeyokuvelisa kwi-chloroplast uqobo, iya kubonelela ngeprotein eyimfuneko ukuze i-organelle yohlule kwaye iqhube nefotosinthesisi.
Ndiyathetha ngaphandle kweekloroplast, izityalo azinako ukwenza ifotosinthesize. Akunakubakho kutshintshiselana nge-CO2 ioksijini emoyeni. Ngokubhekisele kwi-morphology yezi organelles, zenziwe ngamacandelo aliqela. Awona magumbi angaphandle enziwe ziimbumba ezimbini, zangaphandle nangaphakathi. Ngokungafaniyo ne-mitochondria, inwebu enayo ayinazimpiko.
Ngaphakathi kwii-chloroplast sinokubona i-thylakoids. Ezi ziingxowa ezicabaleleyo ezikwahlulwe ngenwebu kwaye zaxinaniswa. Benza ingqekembe-njengemfumba yezakhiwo ezifana negranum. Ezi zixhobo zidityaniswe kamva ziimbumba. Kwimbumba ene-thylakoids ziiproteni kunye neemolekyuli ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza ifotosinthesisi.
Ukwahlulwa kunye nokuhamba kwee-chloroplast
Ezi organelles kufuneka zahlulwe ngokuqhubekayo ukuze iiseli zande kwaye Unenani elaneleyo kwinqanaba elisebenzayo lefotosinthesisi. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba yenzeke ngalo lonke ixesha, kodwa iseli, njengoko yahlulayo, inokudityaniswa kunye nokwahlulwa kweekloroplast. Ngokwesiqhelo, ukungqinelana phakathi kweenkqubo zokwahlulahlula kwezi organelles kunye neseli kwenzeka kwizityalo ezine-chloroplast enye kuphela. Kwiiseli ezikwi-mesophyll yamagqabi, ii-chloroplast zahlulahlulwe ukuze zande kwinani, nangona iseli ingazukuphinda yahlule ngakumbi. Oku kubangela ukwanda kwee-chloroplast kwiseli nganye. Ukuba iseli iyaqhubeka ukwahlula, ii-chloroplast azizukunyusa inani labo kwiseli nganye, kodwa ziya kusasazwa ngamanye.
Phezulu kwamagqabi, inani leekloroplast ezenza ifom ilawulwa okanye ichongwe bubungakanani beseli. IiChloroplast ngokubanzi kufuneka zahlulwe ziiseli zeentombi okoko nje ukwahlulwa kweseli kwenzeka.
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ukwahlulwa kweekloroplast kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwiiproteni esele zenziwe kwi-nucleus. Kwinkqubo yokwahlulwa, kwenziwa amakhonkco amabini eeprotein apho axuba khona, kwelinye icala iiproteni ze-chloroplast uqobo, kwelinye icala iiproteni ezinxulumene nemfuza yenucleus yeseli.
Xa isityalo kufuneka siziqhelanise neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya kwelanga, sihambisa nje zonke ii-chloroplast esisele saso ukuze sikwazi ukuziqhelanisa nezo meko. Nangona ukuhamba kuhamba kancinci, kwanele ukulungelelanisa. Kwaye ukukhanya okugqithileyo kunokuzenza buthathaka ii-chloroplast kunye nokwenza ifotosinthesisi ingasebenzi kakuhle.
Imisebenzi yeChloploplast
Iphotosynthesis
Umsebenzi ophambili wale organelles kukuqhuba inkqubo yefotosinthesisi. Siza kuhlalutya imisebenzi inyathelo ngenyathelo. Ukuthatha amandla elanga, ii-chloroplast zinoxanduva lokuguqula amandla ombane avela elangeni abe yimixokelelwane yemichiza. I-photosynthesis inamalungu amabini aphambili eyenzeka ngawo yonke le nkqubo. Inxalenye yokuqala, isigaba sokukhanya, apho amandla ombane abetha isityalo kunye neproton proteni ayakusetyenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP kunye nokuveliswa kwe-NADPH.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifotosinthesis inesinye isigaba esimnyama, apho ukukhanya kungafuneki, kodwa iimveliso eziye zaveliswa kwisigaba sokukhanya zezi. Kweli nqanaba limnyama kulapho ukulungiswa kwe-CO2 kwenzeka ngohlobo lweswekile ye-phosphate. Isigaba sokuqala se-photosynthesis senzeka kwi-membrane ye-thylakoid kunye neyesibini kwi-stroma.
Eminye imisebenzi
Ukongeza kwigalelo kwifotosinthesisi kwizityalo, ii-chloroplast zineminye imisebenzi emininzi. Eminye imisebenzi ephambili ibalasele, njengokudityaniswa kwee-amino acid, ii-nucleotide kunye nee-acid ezinamafutha. Baye bathathe inxaxheba kwimveliso yehomoni, iivithamini kunye nezinye iimetabolites eziziisekondari, bencedisa ekwakhiweni kwenitrogen nesalfure emzimbeni. Njengoko besiphawulile kwamanye amanqaku, initrate ngowona mthombo wenitrogen kwizityalo. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwezichumisi ze-nitrogen zinomxholo ophezulu wale khompawundi.
Ewe, kungenxa yeekloroplast ezisebenzisa izityalo le nitrate. Ezinye zeemetabolites ezenziwe kwi-chloroplast zisebenza ukukhusela ngokuchasene nezifo ezahlukeneyo okanye kulungelelwaniso lwezityalo kuxinzelelo, amanzi agqithisileyo okanye ubushushu obungaphezulu.
Okokugqibela, ezi organelles zikunxibelelwano oluqhubekayo namanye amacandelo eseli kunye nenucleus uqobo. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwi-nucleus ihlala kwiijeni ezininzi ezineproteni ezinomsebenzi wokufaka igalelo kwifotosinthesisi.
Njengoko ubona, ii-chloroplast zezona zibalulekileyo kwiiseli zezityalo. Ngokukodwa ngumahluko phakathi kweeseli zezilwanyana, kuba azinazo ii-chloroplast. Ngayo yonke imisebenzi eyifezekisayo, ukuba bekungekho ngenxa yabo, uninzi lweemeko zokuphila esinazo namhlanje bezingazukubakho, kuba ifotosinthesisi ibingayi kubakho.