Ngokuqinisekileyo njengomntwana isikolo sikufundisile malunga incindi eluhlaza kunye neencindi ezicutshungulwayo yemithi. Incindi eluhlaza ngumxube wamanzi neetyuwa ezisetyenziselwa isityalo ukuvelisa ukutya. Injongo yokufikelela kumagqabi kwaye olu thutho lwenziwa ukusuka kwizikhondo ngeetyhubhu ezintle kakhulu ezibizwa ngokuba ziinqanawa zomthi. Emva kwenkqubo yokuvelisa, incindi ecacisiweyo iyaveliswa, eyinto esetyenziselwa ukondla isityalo.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-sap eluhlaza kunye necutshungulwayo.
Zeziphi iifom zencindi eluhlaza kunye neyasetyenziswayo
I-Sap ibizwa ngokuba yinto engamanzi egqithiselwa kwizicubu eziqhubayo zesityalo, kwaye izicwili eziqhubayo zesityalo sesinye sezicubu zezityalo ezikhoyo. Ngenxa yokuveliswa kwencindi, izityalo zingazenzela eyazo imithombo yokutya. Kodwa zenziwa yintoni incindi? Incindi yesityalo ineetyuwa ezininzi zezimbiwa, iiamino acid, kunye neehomoni. Nangona kunjalo, le nto yolwelo yenziwe ikakhulu ngamanzi, ngakumbi i-98%, nangona oku kungahluka ukusuka kolunye uhlobo ukuya kolunye.
Zimbini iintlobo zencindi efumaneka kwizityalo: incindi eluhlaza kunye nenkcukhacha esetyenziweyo. Uphawu lwencindi yantlandlolo kukuba yenziwa kwiingcambu kwaye ihanjiswa nge-xylem isiya kwesinye isityalo. Emva kwenkqubo yefotosinthesisi, ijika ibe yincindi ethambileyo, ehanjiswa ukusuka emagqabini ukuya ezingcanjini yi-phloem kwelinye icala.
Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo zethu, ukuveliswa kweentlobo ezininzi zeentlobo kungqinelana nomzuzu xa amaqondo obushushu enyuka. Ngesi sizathu, Uninzi lwezihlahla lwenziwa ebusika ukuthintela ukulahleka kwezi zinto zibalulekileyo kubomi bezityalo.
Iindidi
Incindi ithuthwa yimithambo eqhubayo yesityalo: i-xylem kunye ne-phloem. Ngamnye kubo unoxanduva lokuhambisa iisaps ezimbini ezikhoyo:
- Incindi eluhlaza: Yinto engamanzi eveliswa ziingcambu efunxa amanzi kunye neetyuwa zamaminerali. Oku kusiwa kwiingcambu ukuya emagqabini kwizikhongozeli zomthi.
- I-SAP echaziweyo: Sisiphumo sotshintsho lwencindi yokuqala emva kwenkqubo yefotosinthesisi. Ngenxa ye-phloem, ihanjiswa kwelinye icala, ihambisa ukutya kumagqabi kunye neziqu ngokuhambisa imithambo yegazi ide ifikelele ezingcanjini ngemithambo yegazi. Ukutya okuchuliweyo kukutya okuyinyani kwezityalo kuba iqulethe kungekuphela amanzi kunye neetyuwa zetyuwa, kodwa iswekile kunye nezilawuli zezityalo.
Imisebenzi yencindi eluhlaza kunye neencindi ezicutshungulwayo
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambilana, kokona kutya kokwenene kunezityalo. Ngesi sizathu, sineentlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi enjengale ilandelayo:
- Umsebenzi ophambili wencindi kukondla isityalo ukuze sikhule kwaye sisebenze ngokwesiqhelo.
- Incindi inoxanduva lokuhambisa izinto zokulandela umkhondo kunye nemacroelements kumagqabi e-photosynthesis, ngaloo ndlela kuhanjiswa ukutya kuwo onke amalungu esityalo.
- Nje ukuba le nto iguqulwe yenziwa incindi, ayinakusetyenziswa njengokutya kwezityalo kuphela, kodwa nanjengoko umthombo wokutya kwezilwanyana nkqu nabantu. Ngapha koko, iintlobo ezithile zencindi eveliswa ziindidi ezahlukeneyo zezityalo zikwasetyenziselwa unyango lwazo. Umzekelo, i-birch sap yaziwa kakuhle.
- Ngoncedo lwencindi izityalo zinokuphucula ulawulo lwazo lobushushu Ngokutshintshatshintsha kwamagqabi neziqu zezityalo.
Ukutyelela phezulu kwimithi
Enkosi kwi-xylem, incindi ifikelela kwindebe kwaye yoyise ukuthuthwa ngumxhuzulane. Ngale mibhobho, amanzi kunye neetyuwa zetyuwa ezifakwe yingcambu yemithi emhlabeni ngokwawo ziyathuthwa ukuze ekugqibeleni zifikelele kuzo zonke iindawo zesityalo, kubandakanya nesithsaba.
I-xylem kunye ne-phloem inoxanduva lokuhambisa incindi. Incindi eluhlaza edlula kwi-xylem inohambo olude oluya kuwo onke amanqaku e-xylem kwaye inika izondlo eziyimfuneko kumagqabi. Banoxanduva lweninzi lwephotosynthesis, yiyo loo nto beyiguqulela ekubeni sisipunu esigqityiweyo, oko kukuthi, kwiicarbohydrate. Oku kuhanjiswa yi-phloem, ejongene nokuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa kwezondlo. Ekugqibeleni, le ncindi yenziwe ngobunono iya kuthwala ukutya ishiyeke isityalo ngendlela eyahlukileyo.
Umahluko phakathi kwencindi eluhlaza kunye nenkqubo esele yenziwe
Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwabo kukuba eluhlaza kukudityaniswa kweetyiwa zezimbiwa kunye nezinye izinto, ngelixa inkqubo iqulathe iswekile, amanzi kunye neeminerali zefotosinthesisi.
I-crude ithuthwa yi-xylem, eyenziwe izinto ezichithakeleyo ezinjengamanzi, izinto zezimbiwa kunye nabalawuli bokukhula. Ihamba ukusuka kwingcambu iye kwigqabi ngombhobho oqinileyo. Le ntsalela idluliselwa emagqabini, apho ifotosinthesisi iguqulwa ibe yincindi egqityiweyo. Indlela yokuhamba ibangele impikiswano enkulu kwindawo yezenzululwazi.
Idluliselwa kwimvelaphi yokwakheka kwayo isuka kwi-phloem iye kwingcambu yamagqabi aluhlaza kunye neziqu. Yenziwe amanzi, iswekile, iiamino acid, iivithamini, iiacidi eziphilayo, iiminerali ezichithakeleyo kunye nabalawuli bezityalo.
Kule meko, uxinzelelo lokuhamba koxinzelelo lufikeleleka njengesixhobo sothutho lwencindi yokuphathwa. Iqhutywa yi-phloem, ethi luhlobo lwethishu yesityalo semithambo, enokuhamba kuwo omabini amacala ukuhambisa izakha mzimba kuzo zonke iindawo ezifunwa sisityalo, nokuba lilungu lefotosinthesisi.
Kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba imithi ibalulekile ebomini kuba ikhulu kakhulu kwi-carbon dioxide, ibonelela ngeoksijini eyimfuneko ukuze ubomi bunikwe njengoko sazi. Ngesi sizathu, yonke le ndlela yokutya ibisoloko inendawo eninzi kwilizwe lezesayensi. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neencindi eluhlaza kunye nezenziweyo.