Xa kuziwa kwizityalo kunye nezityalo, ukubona amagqabi atyheli ayilophawu lulungileyo. Yindlela esinokuqonda ngayo ngokukhawuleza ukuba kukho into engalunganga. Isityalo setamatato esinamagqabi atyheli sinokuba neengxaki ezincinci okanye ezinzulu kakhulu, ngoko ke kufuneka sikwazi ukufumanisa unobangela ngokukhawuleza kwaye siwulungise.
Kweli nqaku Siza kuthetha ngezizathu zokuba kutheni amagqabi esityalo setumata ajika abe tyheli kunye nendlela yokubuyisela isityalo. Ke ukuba ucinga ukukhulisa iitumato okanye sele unezityalo zetumata ngale ngxaki, ndincoma ukuba uqhubeke ufunda.
Kutheni amagqabi esityalo setumato ejika abe tyheli?
Ukuba sisebatsha egadini kwaye sikhulisa izityalo zetumato, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngaxa lithile siya kubona igqabi elinye okanye aliqela atyheli. Kodwa ibangelwa yintoni? Ngaphambi kokuba sichaze indlela yokubuyisela isityalo setamatato ngamagqabi aphuzi, siza kuqala sithethe ngezizathu zokuba oko kwenzeka. ekubeni unyango luya kuxhomekeka kuyo.
Zininzi izizathu zokuba kutheni amagqabi etumato ajika abe tyheli. Ngamanye amaxesha akukho nto yokukhathazeka ngayo, kodwa kwabanye inokuba yinto ebalulekileyo ukuba kufuneka siyisombulule ngokukhawuleza. Sithetha ngezizathu ezilula njengamanzi angaphezulu okanye anzulu, ngokomzekelo, isibetho okanye isifo. Okulandelayo siza kuthetha ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo zokuba kutheni izityalo zetumato zibe namagqabi atyheli.
Ukunkcenkceshela ngokungafanelekanga
Isizathu esixhaphake kakhulu sokuba kutheni amagqabi etumato ajike abe tyheli ngamanzi, xa ingafanelekanga. Ukuba sikhula iitumato, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba sithathele ingqalelo into yokuba zifuna amanzi amaninzi emva kokutshintshwa kunye naxa zisezincinci. Ukongeza, xa amaqondo obushushu ephezulu kakhulu, afuna ukunkcenkceshelwa ngakumbi, ngakumbi xa le mifuno ivelisa iziqhamo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukunkcenkceshela okunzulu kakhulu ngemini kuya kwanela xa sisehlotyeni, okanye xa isityalo setumata sithwala isiqhamo.
ukothuka koqhaqho
Ngaba wakha weva ngomothuko wofakelo? Nangona kuvakala kungaqhelekanga, izityalo zisenokothuka. Yinkqubo yebhayoloji eyenziwa sisityalo emva kokuba siphinde satyalwa. Ngokwenene, ezo zityalo zisandul’ ukugalelwa azikwazi ukufunxa amanzi aneleyo ngeengcambu zazo. Ngoko ke, yimeko yoxinzelelo lwamanzi. Imifuno ayisoloko ihlupheka ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kokutshintshwa, kwenzeka kuphela kwezo meko apho ukutyalwa kungakhange kuqhutywe ngokuchanekileyo.
Ngamaxesha amaninzi, ukutshintshwa kwezityalo kuqhutyelwa kwangethuba, xa inkqubo yeengcambu zezityalo ingekaphuhliswa kakhulu. Ukuphazamisa kakhulu okanye ukonakalisa ezi nkqubo zeengcambu ngexesha lenkqubo yofakelo kunokubangela ukothuka koqhaqho.
Ngoko ke, le pathology ibonakala ngokuqhelekileyo emva kokuba sitshintshe izityalo ze-tomato emhlabeni okokuqala. Ezi ziya kudlula kwixesha lohlengahlengiso lofakelo. Phakathi kweveki enye ukuya kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokutyala, amagqabi awo angajika abe tyheli abe luthuthu. Nangona kunjalo, amagqabi amatsha avela phezulu kwesiqu aya kubonakala esempilweni kwaye aya kukhula ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngelixa kuyinyani ukuba ezinye iintlobo zetamatato zinokuchaphazeleka ngakumbi okanye zincinci kunezinye, Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokubathintela ekubandezelekeni kukothuka kukulinda elona xesha lilungileyo lokuyenza. Oku kuthetha uphuhliso oluchanekileyo lwenkqubo yeengcambu kunye namaqondo obushushu afanelekileyo ebusuku kwisityalo.
isifo sokuqala
Esinye isizathu sokuba amagqabi etumato ajike abe tyheli sisifo sokubola kwangoko. Yi-pathology okubangelwa ngumngundo womhlaba. Oku kuhamba ukusuka emhlabeni apho kufunyenwe khona ukuya kumagqabi asezantsi esityalo setumata. Amachokoza atyheli angaqhelekanga aya kuvela kumagqabi amadala asezantsi esityalo ngexesha lokuqala lolu sulelo. La mabala ajika abemdaka ekuhambeni kwexesha, egcina uhlobo lwehalo emthubi ewajikelezileyo.
Njengazo zonke iifungi, eyona ndlela ingcono yokuthintela zithintele iimeko ekubeni zilungele ukwanda kwazo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zikhula kakuhle kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo nezifumileyo. Ukugcina indawo eyaneleyo phakathi kwezityalo, kwimeko yezityalo zetamatato ubuncinane iinyawo ezintathu, kuya kuvumela umoya ongcono kwaye kuya kuthintela ukubonakala kwefungi.
Indawo yegqabi okanye iSeptoria
Kwakhona indawo emagqabini, eyaziwa ngokuba yiSeptoria, ibangelwa ngumngundo. Njengokubhubha kwangoko, iSeptoria ibangela amabala atyheli kumagqabi amadala asezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvela kwezi ndawo kuhluke kancinci. Zisuka emthubi ziye kumdaka, zize zibengwevu okanye zibentsundu. Ngesiqhelo, Amachaphaza e-Septoria maninzi kwaye mancinci kuneendawo zokugalela kwangaphambili, kwaye imilo yayo isesetyhula ngakumbi.
Njengoko kulindelekile, iindlela zokuthintela ziyafana kuzo zonke iifungi: Gwema iindawo ezifanelekileyo zokuphuhliswa kwazo kwaye uququzelele ukungena komoya okulungileyo kwezityalo.
I-Verticillium wilt
Phakathi kweefungi ezibangela amagqabi atyheli kwizityalo zetumato kukho neVerticillium. Xa imifuno ichaphazeleka yile ntsholongwane yokungunda, amagqabi aya kubonisa iindawo ezimdaka kunye netyheli ukusuka kwi-midvein ukuya emphethweni. Amaxesha amaninzi, la mabala amile okwe-V. Ngokubhekiselele kwisityalo esichaphazelekayo, siyabuna elona xesha lishushu kakhulu lemini. Inkqubela phambili yeVerticillium wilt icotha kakhulu kwaye yenzeka ngokulinganayo kwisityalo sonke.
Ukuba sikrokrela ukuba isityalo setumato sinokuthi sithwaxwa yiVerticillium wilt, sinokuqiniseka ngendlela elula kakhulu: Khulula isiqu kwinqanaba eliphantsi. Ngaphakathi, izicubu ze-vascular zibukeka zimdaka nangona kufuneka zibe mhlophe. Kwimeko apho ukukrokra kwethu kuqinisekisiwe, eyona nto sinokuyenza kukujikeleza iitumato ukuze zihlale kwenye indawo kunyaka ozayo kwaye zisebenzise imbewu echasene nesi sifo sokungunda, ekubeni le fungus inokuhlala emhlabeni ngamaxesha amaninzi.
I-Fusarium wilt
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-Fusarium wilt ibonakala xa isiqhamo setumata sivuthiwe kwimifuno. Kule meko, amagqabi asezantsi athatha umbala ophuzi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha anqunyelwe kwihlumela elinye okanye isiqu. Ekuqaleni, oku kuphambuka kubonakala kuphinda kuphinde kubuye ngobusuku.
Xa isityalo sichatshazelwa ngulo mngundo, ukukhula kwaso kudodobala. Inxalenye yesityalo inokufikelela ekuvuthweni phambi kokuba isityalo siwe. Ukuqinisekisa ubukho beli fungus, sinokufumanisa kwakhona ngokukhuhla isiqu kunye ukubona umbala we-vascular tissue, oya kuba mdaka, njengoko kunjalo ngeVerticillium wilt. Kwangokunjalo, ukuba ukukrokrela kwethu kuqinisekisiwe, kuya kufuneka ukuba sijikelezise izityalo kwaye sifumane imbewu exhathisayo.
Ezinye iinjongo
Ngaphandle kokunqongophala kwamanzi okanye izifo, kunokubakho ezinye izizathu zokuba isityalo setamatato sinamagqabi atyheli:
- Isityalo esinamatyholo kakhulu: Amagqabi angasentla avimba ukukhanya kwelanga kumagqabi asezantsi, athi ekugqibeleni ajike abe tyheli. Asinto yakuzikhathaza ngayo.
- Ukunqongophala kwezondlo: I-alkalinity engalungelelananga, ukunqongophala kwe-nitrogen, ukunqongophala kwe-potassium, ukunqongophala kwe-magnesium, ukunqongophala kwe-calcium, ukungabikho kwesulfure, ukungabikho kwe-zinc.
Kufuneka wenze ntoni xa amagqabi etumato ejika abe tyheli?
Ngokucacileyo, into yokuqala ekufuneka siyenzile ukuze sazi indlela yokubuyisela isityalo setumata esinamagqabi atyheli kukufumanisa isizathu sokuba kwenzeke oko. Yaye sikwenza njani oko? Ilula kakhulu: Ngokuba ukwaliwa. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka sijonge iimpawu ezifana nobukho bezinambuzane ezinobungozi, ukubonakala kwezinye iimpawu ezingabonisa izifo ezithile, imeko yezinye izityalo, njl. Nje ukuba sicacelwe malunga nokuba yintoni na, sinokuyilungisa:
- Ukunkcenkceshela ngokungafanelekanga: Kubalulekile ukuba umhlaba ube nokukhupha amanzi kakuhle. Ukusebenzisa i-mulch ejikeleze imifuno kuya kunceda isizathu. Kwakhona ukusetyenziswa kwembiza efanelekileyo okanye umxube we-compost kuya kunceda ukuphucula amanzi omhlaba.
- Umothuko wofakelo: Xa amagqabi aluhlaza nasempilweni evela phezulu kwisityalo setumata, kufuneka sinqumle amagqabi atyheli asezantsi kwesiqu. Ezi aziboneleli naluphi na uhlobo lwenzuzo kwisityalo, eneneni ziya kwandisa umngcipheko wokuba imifuno echaphazelekayo iya kufumana isifo. Kungcono ukugalela nesichumiso esincinci.
- Isifo sakwangoko: Ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-fungus ifunyenwe, onke amagqabi achaphazelekayo kufuneka anqunywe. Xa sibashiya ixesha elide, kunokwenzeka ukuba i-fungus iya kusasazeka kwisityalo sonke, kubandakanywa namagqabi aphilileyo.
- Indawo yamagqabi okanye iSeptoria: Kuba ikwayi-fungus, kufuneka senze okufanayo nakwi-brow yangethuba, nto leyo kukusika amagqabi achaphazelekayo ngokukhawuleza.
- I-Verticillium wilt: Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukabikho unyango lokungunda. Eyona nto sinokuyenza kukusisusa nokutshabalalisa isityalo esichaphazelekayo.
- I-Fusarium wilt: Alukho nonyango. Ekuphela kwento esinokuyenza kukususa nokutshabalalisa isityalo esichaphazelekayo.
Ngethemba ukuba ityala lakho alikho nzulu kwaye linesisombululo esilula. Nokuba kunjalo, ngoku uyayazi indlela yokubuyisela isityalo setumata ngamagqabi atyheli.