Umthi wama-apile sisityalo esixhaphakileyo esisesichengeni sezifo ezithile kunye nezinambuzane. Enye yezona zixhaphakileyo yi apple tree mottle. Sisifo sokungunda esinokuchaphazela kakhulu umthi kunye neziqhamo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni i-apple tree mottle, ziphi iimpawu zayo, iimpawu kunye nonyango.
Yintoni i-apile mottle
I-apile mottle sesona sifo sibalulekileyo sokungunda esibangelwa ngumngundo I-Venturia ayilingani que ichaphazela imveliso yazo zonke iindidi zemithi yama-apile.
Ukubonakala kwayo kwenzeka ekupheleni kwexesha lonyaka, kuphenjelelwa kakhulu yimozulu yasentwasahlobo kunye neemvula. Ke ngoko, imozulu efumileyo enamagqabi amanzi kunye neziqhamo ithanda ukukhula kwayo kumanqanaba okuqala omjikelezo wezityalo.
Amagqabi awela emhlabeni ahlaselwa ngumngundo phakathi kukaSeptemba noNovemba kwaye aphile kwezi nyanga. Kamva, entwasahlobo, xa i-fungus iphinda iqala ukukhula kwaye iqala ukuvelisa i-ascospores, i-ascospores ihlakazwa yisenzo somoya kwaye ifikelele emagqabini kunye neziqhamo, iphinde ihlasele.
Kuzo zonke ezi nkqubo, imvula kunye nobushushu obuthile buyimfuneko. Elona qondo lobushushu liphezulu kwi-ascospores yi-20ºC. Ukuntshula zishukunyiswa phakathi kwe 15 kunye ne 22ºC, ukuba nje ukufuma emagqabini kuhlala phakathi kweyure ezintathu ukuya kwezine. Ixesha lokufukamela lesi sifo ziintsuku eziyi 17-18 kumaqondo obushushu obuyi 8-10ºC. kunye neentsuku ezi-8-14 kumaqondo obushushu angama-20-25ºC. Kwakhona, ubuncinane be-RH efunekayo yi-80-100%.
Inexesha lokufukamela iintsuku ezili-9 ukuya kwezili-18, kwaye iimpawu zivela kamva emagqabini nakwiziqhamo.
i-symptomatology
I-Venturia inaequalis inokuchaphazela onke amalungu aluhlaza esityalo, kodwa iimpawu zayo ezibonakalayo, njengamachokoza amagqabi kunye nokhoko, zenzeka emagqabini nakwiziqhamo. Kwimeko yamagqabi achatshazelwe yiVenturia sp., amachokoza aluhlaza omnquma akhula kuqala, alandelwe kukuba mnyama ngaphantsi ngenxa yemveliso yeconidia. Ukuba ihlaselwe amaxesha amaninzi, inokuphelisa ukutyunyuzwa komthi.
Nangona isenzo sawo emagqabini sinokuchaphazela isivuno, owona monakalo mkhulu wenzeka xa ihlasela isiqhamo. Kwisiqhamo, amachokoza avelayo ajika abe mnyama njengoko kwakheka imibhobho. Ukuba isifo senzeka xa isiqhamo sincinci, inxalenye echaphazelekayo iya kuyeka ukukhula kwaye isiqhamo siya kuqhekeka, sivumele ukungena kwezinye ii-microorganisms, ezithanda ukuchithwa kwamanzi. Ukuba oku kwenzeka ngexesha lophuhliso lweziqhamo, inokuchaphazela iimpawu zayo zobuhle, kunye nokugcinwa kwayo ngaphakathi kwaye, ngoko, inzuzo yayo.
I-blotch fungus overwinters njenge-mycelium kumagqabi awileyo kwaye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo yenza iziqhamo ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba yi "peritecae" equlethe imbewu yesini yefungus, okanye "ascospores." Ezi zigxothwa kwi-perithecas xa zivuthiwe kwaye zithwalwa ngumoya kunye nemvula kumagqabi kunye neentyatyambo zemithi yama-apile. Bangena ngaphakathi kwaye ngoko babangela ukungcoliseka okanye ukuhlaselwa okuphambili. Emva kweveki enye okanye ezimbini, kuxhomekeke kwiqondo lobushushu, umngundo uvelisa imizimba evelisa isiqhamo esibizwa ngokuba yi "conidia", ezinceda ekusasazeni isifo kunye nokudala into ebizwa ngokuba luhlaselo lwesibini.
Indawo nganye inokuvelisa i-conidia kwiiveki ezi-4-6. Amaqondo obushushu aphakathi, imvula eninzi kunye nokufuma okuphezulu kokusingqongileyo kuthanda ukuvela nokusasazwa kwembewu yesifo okanye iintsholongwane, iimpawu ezihlala zisenzeka kwimozulu yethu.
Apple mottle ulawulo
Kubalulekile ukuba neentlobo zezityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana namabala. Kulumkele ukutyala kwiindawo ezinomthunzi okanye ezifume kakhulu. Iphucula i-aeration kunye nokukhanya komthi ngokwenza ukuthena okuchanekileyo, ngoko ke, ngaphezu kokuququzelela ukungena kweemveliso ze-phytosanitary, kuphinda kunciphise ixesha lokumisa amagqabi kunye neziqhamo. Gcina ingca imfutshane kwaye ususe nawaphi na amagqabi awele emhlabeni ngasekupheleni kwekwindla.
Namhlanje ulawulo lwamabala olusebenzayo lwenziwa ngekhemikhali ukulawula usulelo lokuqala kunye nosulelo lwesibini olulandelelanayo. I-inoculum eyiprayimari ivela kwi-ascospores, eveliswa ngaphakathi kweegobolondo ezisongelweyo ezenza kumagqabi awela emhlabeni ebusika, ngoko ukunciphisa ubunzima bosulelo oluphambili kuyimfuneko:
Ukunciphisa ukubunjwa kwee-wrappers kumagqabi ngobungakanani bomhlaba; oku kunokufezekiswa ngokuzichola phantsi okanye ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokubola inkunkuma yamagqabi ngokuwanyanga nge-5% ye-urea xa malunga nama-85% amagqabi esiwa.
Thintela ii-ascospores ezosulelayo ze-vernal ekosuleni amalungu e-receptor yomthi we-apile (amagqabi, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo) kuba zibekwe lula yi-fungus phantsi kweemeko zokufuma rhoqo iiyure ezimbalwa. I-ascospores ayigxothwa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kunokuba iqhube inkqubo yokuvuthwa kancinci kwaye igxothwe kwimvulophu kwiiveki ze-6-8.
Imiba ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo imotile yomthi wama-apile
Ngaphantsi kweemeko zethu, ixesha lokuhamba kwe-ascospores lidla ngokuqala ngo-Ephreli ukuya ekupheleni kukaMeyi, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu zonyaka othile. Ulawulo olulungileyo losulelo oluphambili lubalulekile ukuze kuncitshiswe usulelo lwesibini olulandelayo. Ukukhuselwa kwemithi kufuneka kuqale ukusukela oko kuvele amalungu achaphazelekileyo, ke ngoko, ngokungabikho kwezikhululo zokunika ingxelo ukuze kuqwalaselwe iinkcukacha zesi sifo, yeyona nto isebenzayo ukunyanga ngokwezityalo. La ngawona maxesha abalulekileyo:
- Ukukhuselwa ekudubuleni ukuya kwisethi yeziqhamo ngenkqubo yenkqubo kunye/okanye nemichiza yokungunda egqobhozayo.
- Ngexesha eliseleyo lomjikelezo, xa kukho iimeko zokufuma eziyimfuneko, ukusuleleka kwesibini okuqhubekayo kwenzeka.
Unyango kufuneka lwenziwe emva kokuqala kweemeko ezosulelayo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ixesha lokukhuselwa kwefungicide esetyenzisiweyo ngaphambili. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ufake isibulali-sikhundi soqhagamshelwano phakathi kweeyure ezingama-24. Faka isicelo se-antiseptic yonyango emva kokuba imeko esosulelayo yenzeke, okanye kwiiyure ezingama-48.
Phambi kokuba kugqitywe isivuno sesityalo, ngokuxhomekeke kubuzaza bosulelo kwiploti, unyango ngesibulali-ntsholongwane sokungunda lunokuba luncedo ekunciphiseni ukugonywa kwexesha elizayo ngexesha lobusika emasimini.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-apple mottle kunye nonyango lwayo.