Umgquba okanye i-mulch sisiphumo sokuvundiswa kwe-aerobic komxube wezinto eziphilayo phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokufuma, umoya, ubushushu kunye nezondlo. Baninzi abantu abafuna ukufunda indlela yokwenza umgquba ngenkunkuma yokuthena ukudala olu hlobo lwesichumisi ngokwemvelo.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele indlela yokwenza umgquba ngeentsalela zokuthena, yeyiphi imiba ekufuneka uyithathele ingqalelo kwaye yintoni umsebenzi wayo.
Indlela yokwenza umgquba ngenkunkuma yokuthena
U-Haug uchaza inkcazo epheleleyo ngakumbi ngokuthi "yinto ephilayo eye yazinziswa yaba yimveliso efana ne-humus emhlabeni, engenazo iintsholongwane zangaphandle kunye nembewu yokhula, ayitsali izinambuzane kwaye inokuphathwa, igcinwe, ithuthwa, ifakwe engxoweni kwaye inenzuzo kumhlaba kunye nokukhula kwezityalo.
Ngobu buchule sithatha ithuba layo yonke inkunkuma evela kwifama ngokwayo. Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe zezi:
- Ukulungelelaniswa komxube wezinto zokufumana i-carbon / nitrogen ratio phakathi kwe-25-35 kude kube ixabiso phakathi kwe-15-10 lifunyenwe ekupheleni kwenkqubo.
- Ubungakanani besuntswana elilungele ukwenziwa komgquba (2 ukuya kwi-5 mm ububanzi).
- I-pH engathathi hlangothi yokuqalisa imathiriyeli, ilungiswe xa kukho imfuneko.
- Ubungakanani bobunzima bezinto eziluhlaza (iswekile, iprotheni, i-cellulose kunye ne-lignin) ilungile.
- Ioksijini ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwemicrobial (40-60% aeration).
- Ukufuma kubaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubela phambili yenkqubo yonke (40-60%).
- Ubushushu yiparameter ebonisa kakuhle uphuhliso lwenkqubo.. Ubushushu obuphezulu akufunekanga budlule kwi-70 ºC (bufanelekile phakathi kwe-55-65 ºC). Kulo bushushu, ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo kugwenywe kwaye ukutshatyalaliswa kwebhaktheriya ye-pathogenic kunye nembewu ye-adventitious iqinisekisiwe.
- Ubungakanani obufanelekileyo bemfumba buphezulu imitha enye nesiqingatha, i-trapezoidal kwicandelo, enye nesiqingatha semitha ububanzi phantsi, kwaye akukho mda ubude bayo.
- Kubalulekile ukuqonda iimeko zemozulu apho ibhetri ifakwe khona ukuyikhusela elangeni, emvuleni, emoyeni nakubanda.
- Ekupheleni kwenkqubo, kufuneka sifumane umkhiqizo ovuthiweyo kunye nephunga elimnandi elikhumbuza umgangatho wehlathi, umbala omnyama oqhelekileyo wezinto eziphilayo kunye nobushushu obuzinzile.
Ukulungiswa kwemfumba yomgquba
Ekwindla nasebusika ngamaxesha onyaka apho owona msebenzi unzima wokuthena imithi yeziqhamo yenziwa khona. Le yimisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokugcina imithi kunye nezihlahla zethu zisempilweni kwaye zinemveliso, kodwa zivelisa inkunkuma eninzi njengamagqabi kunye namasebe anokuthi athathe umthamo omkhulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukulawula.
Xa sele kugqityiwe ukuthenwa, isityalo esishiyekileyo sinokulawulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo ukugawula nokugcina ezona zigodo zikhulu ukuze zisetyenziswe njengeenkuni kwiindawo zokubasa kunye nezosa inyama, kunye nokusebenzisa iinkuni ukusifudumeza ebusika okanye ukulungiselela ukutya ngaphandle entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni. Akukhuthazwa ukuba zifumbe, okanye ukusuka kwimbono yobuhle, indalo okanye i-phytosanitary.
Amanyathelo okufunda ukwenza umgquba ngeentsalela zokuthena
Apha sikunika amanyathelo aphambili okufunda ukwenza isivundiso ngeentsalela zokuthena:
1) Into yokuqala ekufuneka uyenzile kukunciphisa ubungakanani bamasebe, kukhethwa ukucanda iinkuni. Ngale nkqubo, ubungakanani benkunkuma bunokuncitshiswa kwaye ukubola kwayo ibe yinto ephilayo ethandwayo, kwaye ukuba sisenza kube lula kubo, i-microbes (ifungi kunye neebhaktheriya) ezijongene nokuncedisa kulo msebenzi ziya kusebenza ngokukhawuleza kubo. Kwakhona, ngokuqhekeza iinkuni zibe ziingcezu, kungekhona ezinkulu okanye ezincinci, ukomiswa kwezinto kunokufezekiswa ngaphandle kokumisa ngokugqithiseleyo. Ukufezekisa lo msebenzi, sincoma ukusebenzisa i-shredder yegadi, njengoko ukusika onke amasebe ngesikere kunokuba ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu kwaye awufanelekanga.
2)Okwesibini, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo uhlobo lwenkunkuma leyo ziyabola, njengenkunkuma eluhlaza esikwe entwasahlobo okanye ehlotyeni; zinomthamo ophezulu wokufuma, zibonelela ngenitrogen eninzi kwaye zinokonakala kakhulu. Nangona le nto inomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni, i-carbon / nitrogen ratio yayo idla ngokuba phantsi kuba ithande ukuba nomxholo ophezulu we-nitrogen.
Nangona kunjalo, iintsalela ezimdaka okanye eziqinileyo zomthi owomileyo owenziwe nge-lignified zikholisa ukuba nesiqulatho sokufuma esisezantsi, isiqulatho esisezantsi senitrogen kunye nekhabhon/nitrogen ephezulu. Kutheni oku kubalulekile? Kuba ukwenza umgquba olungileyo, Umlinganiselo wokuqala we-C/N kufuneka ube malunga ne-25%, ekubeni iintsholongwane zisebenzisa iinxalenye ezingama-25 zekhabhoni inxalenye nganye yenitrogen kwinkqubo yokubola. Ukuba ipesenti ingaphezulu kwe-40%, umsebenzi webhayoloji uya kuncipha, kwaye ukuba ungaphantsi kwe-40%, umgquba uya kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba i-nitrogen iya kulahleka njenge-ammonia.
3) Emva kokuba siphathe izinto eziphathekayo, ukubumba umgquba kwahlulahlulwe ngamanqanaba amabini: kwinqanaba lokuqala, i-microorganisms. zezona zisebenzayo kuba zinomthamo omkhulu wezinto ezibolayo ekhoyo kwaye ineminerali. Ukusuka apho, kwinqanaba lesibini, ukuvuthwa okanye ukuzinzisa komquba kwenzeka, apho i-microorganisms inciphisa umsebenzi wabo ngokuba nezixhobo ezincinci ze-biodegradable, ngelo xesha i-polymerization kunye ne-condensation ye-residu iyenzeka.
4) Inkqubo, ebonakala inzima, ayixhomekeke kuthi ngokuthe ngqo, ekubeni ii-microbes ziya kusebenza, kodwa kufuneka sicinge ngokubeka iliso kwiimeko apho kwenzeka khona ukuze ukubola kungaphumeleli kwaye inkqubo isebenze kakuhle.
Ukufuma kunye nobushushu ngundoqo kule nkqubo, kwaye ukuzigcina kwindawo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-composter, evumela ii-microbes ukuba zigcine iindawo ezihlala zomile kunye ne-airy ngelixa zenza umsebenzi wazo.
Eyona nto ilungileyo kukugcina ukufuma kuma-50%, kodwa ungamanzisi kakhulu intsalela, ukuthintela amanzi ekususeni ioksijini kwiipores zezinto ezenziweyo. Eyona ndlela ilula yokwenza oku kukunkcenkceshela imfumba ye-scrap ngokucokisekileyo rhoqo kwiiveki ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu ngaphandle kokudala ama-puddles. Ukuze umgquba owenziweyo ungadibanisi, kuyimfuneko ukulawula ukuphefumla kwaye ujike imfumba yeentsalela rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezimbini ukuze kubekho ioksijini eyaneleyo.
Isasazwa kuyo yonke into ebolileyo, ikhusela amavumba amabi kwaye iququzelele ukubulawa kweentsholongwane kwi-compost njengoko inceda ekupheliseni iintsholongwane ngelixa ikhawulezisa inkqubo yokubola, iyenza ikhuphe ngakumbi. Ingcebiso yethu kukuba i-aerate rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezimbini, ukuguqula iziqulatho ze-compost ngoncedo lwe-pitchfork okanye i-aerator.
Le nkqubo isivumela ukuba sisebenzise izinto zezityalo ngokufanelekileyo, siphinde sisebenzise iimveliso ezibonakala zingenamsebenzi kwaye sifumane umgquba otyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye ne-humus, isichumiso sendalo esifanelekileyo sokuphucula izondlo kwimihlaba yezityalo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokwenza umgquba ngeentsalela zokuthena.